All the PAW FAQs ...

last update: Thu Jun 9 10:49:50 CEST 2011

Text output in PAW (font/precision and characters graphical view)

1. The text font: selects among possible character shapes, as a roman font, a sans-serif font, etc.

2. The text precision: specifies how closely PAW must follow the current size and orientation attributes.

    PAW > SET TFON ffp  | Title FONT (ff) and PREC (p)
    PAW > SET GFON ffp  | Global title FONT (ff) and PREC (p)
    PAW > SET VFON ffp  | axis Values FONT (ff) and PREC (p)
    PAW > SET LFON ffp  | axis Labels FONT (ff) and PREC (p)
    PAW > SET CFON ffp  | Comment FONT (ff) and PREC (p)
    PAW > SET *FON ffp  | Set the same values for all

    PAW > SET TXFP ffp  | ITX FONT (ff) and PREC (p)
 

Example:

    PAW > SET *FON -60  | the all the font to -6 (Helvetica-Bold) and all
                        | the precision to 0.
 

The possible PostScript fonts are:

Font 0 with the precision 2 is the Software HIGZ font:

The following table gives all the Postscript characters available in PAW. Note the Euro symbol is there (\360 in greek or special):

The possible precisions are:

In addition to the character font and precision, the text aspect can be modified via a set of control characters. These characters are embedded into the characters strings and are interpreted according to the rules defined in the HIGZ-software font table.

Example:

       For/File 44 paw.ps
       Meta 44 -111
       Size 40 20
       Next
       Sel 1
       Set CHHE 1
       Set TXFP -11
       Itx 0.2 1. 'L?em! = e J^[m]?&em! A?[m]! , J^[m]?&em!=l&^\261![ g?m]!l , M^j?&i! = [\345&?a]! A?[a! t^a]j?&i! '
       Set TXFP -10
       Itx 0.2 3.5 'L?em! = e J^[m]?&em! A?[m]! , J^[m]?&em!=l&^\261![ g?m]!l , M^j?&i! = [\345&?a]! A?[a! t^a]j?&i! '
       Close 44
 

The output on the screen is the following. Note that the 'octal characters' like \261 or \345 are never translated whatever the precision is.

The output on the PostScript file is the same with precision 0 or 1.

Note: If the text output is produced with the command TEXT instead of ITX the font and precision used is always 0, 2.

A graphical view of the SET parameters.

How to access fit parameters after a fit operation ?

 Vector/Del *
 Vector/Cre x(10) r 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 Vector/Cre y(10) r 0.9 2.1 2.9 4.1 4.9 6.1 6.9 8.1 8.9 10.1
 Vector/Cre ey(10) r 10*0.3
 Vector/Cre chi2(1) r
 *
 Vector/Fit x y ey p1 e
 *
 Application COMIS Quit
       SUBROUTINE chiq
 * NPFITS  Number of points used in the fit
 * NFPAR   Number of free parameters
 * FITCHI  Chisquare
 * FITPAR  Values of parameters
 * FITSIG  Errors on parameters
       COMMON/HCFITS/NCFITS,NPFITS,NFPAR,FITCHI,FITPAR(35),FITSIG(35)
      +             ,FITDER(35)
       vector chi2
       chi2(1)=fitchi
       END
 Quit
 *
 Call chiq
 Vector/Pri chi2
 *
 return
 

PAW > exe chi2 ********************************************** * * * Function minimization by SUBROUTINE HFITV * * Variable-metric method * * ID = 0 CHOPT = E * * * ********************************************** Convergence when estimated distance to minimum (EDM) .LT. 0.10E+01 FCN= 1.077442 FROM MINOS STATUS=SUCCESSFUL 18 CALLS 58 TOTAL EDM= 0.38E-11 STRATEGY= 1 ERROR MATRIX ACCURATE EXT PARAMETER PARABOLIC MINOS ERRORS NO. NAME VALUE ERROR NEGATIVE POSITIVE 1 P1 -0.33333E-01 0.20507 -0.20494 0.20494 2 P2 1.0061 0.33054E-01 -0.33029E-01 0.33029E-01 CHISQUARE = 0.1347E+00 NPFIT = 10 CHI2(1) = 0.13468 PAW >

How to use colors, hatching and fill patterns in PAW ?

For low level drawing commands such as PLINE, PMARKER, ITX, FAREA, the colors are set via commands like

    PAW > SET PLCI 2     for PLINE
    PAW > SET PMCI 8     for PMARKER
    PAW > SET TXCI 3     for ITX and TEXT
    PAW > SET FACI 4     for FAREA
 

When a command like HISTO/PLOT is performed, the hatching and color attributes can be preset with the SET command. It allows to change the color (COL) and the hatches type (TYP) of 4 main graphics object in the PAW plots:

 Bxxx : Box around each histogram/function plot (zone).
 Pxxx : Page. It may contain several zones.
 Hxxx : Histogram
 Fxxx : Function
 

Example:

    PAW > SET HCOL 2
 

The values given to the parameters PTYP, BTYP and HTYP are fill area interior style. The two following figures show the available fill area interior styles:

The parameters PCOL, BCOL, HCOL are equivalent to PTYP, BTYP, HTYP, respectively , but instead of changing the hatch style, they change the color of the same areas.

If PCOL, BCOL, HCOL are between 1 and 99, then only the contour of the corresponding area is changed. If they are between 1001 and 1099, then the surface is filled with the corresponding fill area color index.

It is possible to specify with one SET command both the border and the inside color for the Histogram, Box Page, and Function ( HCOL, BCOL, PCOL, FCOL).
Example:

                    +---- 1 The Histogram is filled
                    |     0 Only the border is drawn
                    |+--- Border color (here 2) if the histogram is filled
                    ||++- Inside color (here 3) if the histogram is filled
                    ||||  Border color if the histogram is not filled
                    ||||
                    VVVV
           SET HCOL 1203.
       

In addition, BCOL has two digits after the dot. The first one specifies the color of the zone box shadowing and the second the color of the statistic box shadowing.

See also the FAQ: How to define the color map for the option COLZ of HISTO/PLOT ?

How to rename the fit parameters ?

Example:

 Hi/fit 10 userf.f 0 6 parvalues
 Application COMIS quit
       Subroutine Set_names
       Parameter (Npar=6)
       Character*8 Names(Npar)
       Names(1)='p1_name'
       Names(2)=...
       Call Hfinam(10,names,npar)
       End
 Quit
 Call Set_names
 Opt fit
 Histo/Plot 10
 

If one of the names begins with "-", the parameters is not drawn when the option "FIT" is on.

The routine HGFIT (see HBOOK manual) return all the fit parameters including the parameter names. This routine takes the info from the HBOOK data structure.

The PAW graphical window is corrupted when overlapped with another window.

• On X11 platforms:

  • LINUX: It depends which daemon is in charge of putting up the login box on the X-Windows screen, and start the X-Window session at login time. It can be xdm, kdm (provided with the KDE environment) or gdm. If it is xdm or kdm the line starting the X server in the file /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers should not contain the option -bs it should look something like:

     :0 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X +bs 

    If it is gdm the line starting the X server in the file /etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf should contain the option +bs it could be something like:

     0=/usr/bin/X11/X +bs
     

    With some LINUX systems (for instance Suse Linux 7.2) the file .fvwm2rc should contains the line:

    
     Style  "*"  BackingStore
     

  • XFree86 4.0.1: The Screen section of the file /etc/X11/XF86Config (or /etc/X11/XF86Config-4) should be something like:

    
     Section "Screen"
          .
          .
          .
        Option "backingstore"
          .
          .
          .
     EndSection
     

  • SGI: In the file /var/X11/xdm/Xservers set the option -wm.
  • IBM RS 6000: In the file /usr/lpp/X11/defaults/xserverrc declare: EXTENSIONS="-bs -su"
  • An other way: Start the X server with option +bs. This can be done by adding the option in the .xserverrc file in user's home directory:

    
     #!/bin/sh
     HOST=`hostname`
     exec X +bs -bpp 32 -auth ${HOME}/.Xauthority
     

  Note that once the necessary modifications have been done, the X server should be restart. Rebooting the machine may be necessary ...

• On Windows 95, 98, 2000 and NT platforms:

Two possibilities:

1. You are running a native PC version of PAW. In that case X11 is not involved. HIGZ provides the possibility to restore the corrupted window using the "double buffering". If you use PAW you should include in your file pawlogon.kumac the command SET 2BUF 11
.
2. Your are running remotely a X11 version of PAW. In that case you should activate the 'backing store' option in your X11 emulator on PC. For example with Exceed you should proceed as follow:

Start --->
    More Applications
       ---> Exceed X-terminal
              ---> Exceed Applications
                      ---> Xconfig
                            ---> Performance
 

In this window, titled "Performance":
• Activate the "Save Unders" option (this eliminates the need for the client to refresh the window when the menu is rolled back up).
• Then select:

      Maximum Backing Store: Always (attempt to preserve the contents
                             of any window, whether it is mapped or not,
                             as long as it is displayed on the X server)
      Default Backing Store: When Mapped
      Minimum Backing Store: When Mapped
      Tune... ---> Run All (this runs automatically some tests)
   

Press the "OK" button to validate this setting.

Then start again your X11-session

How to fit 2D histograms? Is there a way to fit a line to a scatter plot ?

You can use the Histo/fit command with the predefined fitting functions on a profile histogram. See the macro below.

 macro fit2l
 h/del 0
 application comis quit
       subroutine make2d
       call hbook2(2,'test',40,0.,10.,40,0.,10.,0.)
       call hbprof(1,'test',40,0.,10.,0.,10.,'S')
       do 10 i=1,10000
          dev=0.5-rndm(i)
          x=10.*rndm(i)
          call hfill(1,x,x+dev,1.)
          call hfill(2,x,x+dev,1.)
   10  continue
       end
 quit
 call make2d
 zone 1 2
 h/pl 2
 hi/fit 1 p1
 return
 

PAW > exe fit2l ********************************************** * * * Function minimization by SUBROUTINE HFITPO * * Variable-metric method * * ID = 1 CHOPT = TU * * * ********************************************** Convergence when estimated distance to minimum (EDM) .LT. 0.10E+01 FCN= 1.792382 FROM MIGRAD STATUS=CONVERGED 31 CALLS 32 TOTAL EDM= 0.21E-24 STRATEGY= 1 ERROR MATRIX ACCURATE EXT PARAMETER STEP FIRST NO. NAME VALUE ERROR SIZE DERIVATIVE 1 A0 0.55398E-01 0.85177E-01 0.26538E-02 -0.96222E-11 2 A1 0.98826 0.14371E-01 0.25001E-02 -0.82064E-10 CHISQUARE = 0.4717E-01 NPFIT = 40 PAW >

How to create very large ntuples (RWN or CWN) ?

   RZOUT: current RZ file cannot support > 64K records
          or individual directories > 64K
   RZOUT: previous cycle(s) for this key (      30)  deleted
   RZOUT: please consult ZEBRA manual for further details

 RZOUT: "Request exceeds quota"
 

1. Increase the record length: CALL HROPEN with a large value of LRECL (ex LRECL=4096 instead of 1024) and you can get files 4 times bigger. When you do that, do not forget in PAW (in the command HI/FILE) to specify the LRECL parameter. Note that if the record length is smaller than 8192, the PAW command HI/FILE is able to determine the correct record length if the LRECL parameter is set to 0.

2. Increase the maximum number of records: If changing LRECL is not sufficient, you can also specify the option Q in CHOPT and in IQUEST(10) (COMMON/QUEST/IQUEST(100)) give the maximum number of records. The default value is 32000 records.

   Example:

        COMMON/QUEST/IQUEST(100)
        IQUEST(10)=64000
        CALL HROPEN(lun,......,'NQ',4096,istat)
    

   will create a file with a maximum of 64000 records of 4096 words. With this technique the largest number of records you can have in an HBOOK file will be 64000 (2**16).

   Important note: It is very important to initialise IQUEST(10) just before the call to HROPEN. The QUEST common block is used a lot in the whole CERNLIB, and in particular in HBOOK, so if the value of IQUEST(10) is defined too far from the call to HROPEN, very likely it will not have the expected value when needed.

3. Increase the maximum number of records even more: If increasing the number of record to 2**16 is still not enough, you can use the option QE (E for "Extended") available in HBOOK since version 4.27/03. This option allows to have up to 2**32 records in an HBOOK file. The following example demonstrates how to use it:

          Program Quota
          Parameter (Nwpawc=150000, Nvars=17)
          Character*8 Chtags(Nvars)
          Dimension Event(Nvars)
          Common/Pawc/Paw(Nwpawc)
    *
          Equivalence (Event(1) ,X1)    , (Event(2),Y1)    , (Event(3) ,Z1)
          Equivalence (Event(4) ,Enrgy1), (Event(5),Eloss1)
          Equivalence (Event(6) ,X2)    , (Event(7),Y2)    , (Event(8) ,Z2)
          Equivalence (Event(9) ,Enrgy2), (Event(10),Eloss2)
          Equivalence (Event(11),X3)    , (Event(12),Y3)   , (Event(13),Z3)
          Equivalence (Event(14),Enrgy3), (Event(15),Eloss3)
          Equivalence (Event(16),X4)    , (Event(17),Y4)
    *
          Common /QUEST/ Iquest(100)
          Data Chtags/'X1','Y1','Z1','Energy1','Eloss1',
         +            'X2','Y2','Z2','Energy2','Eloss2',
         +            'X3','Y3','Z3','Energy3','Eloss3',
         +            'X4','Y4'/
    *
          Call Hlimit(Nwpawc)
    *
          Iquest(10) = 256000
          Call Hropen (1,'QUOTA','quota.hbook','NQE',1024,ISTAT)
          If (Istat.Ne.0) Stop
    *
          Call Hbookn (10,'A simple Ntuple',Nvars,'//QUOTA',10000,Chtags)
    *
          Do I=1, 5000000
             Call Rannor(X1,Y1)
             X1     = Float(I)
             Z1     = Sqrt(X1*X1+Y1*Y1)
             Enrgy1 = 50. + 10.*X1
             Eloss1 = 10. * Abs(Y1)
             Call Rannor (X2,Y2)
             Z2     = Sqrt(X2*X2+Y2*Y2)
             Enrgy2 = 50. + 10.*X2
             Eloss2 = 10. * Abs(Y2)
             Call Rannor(X3,Y3)
             Z3     = SQRT(X3*X3+Y3*Y3)
             Enrgy3 = 50. + 10.*X3
             Eloss3 = 10. * Abs(Y3)
             Call Rannor(X4,Y4)
             Call Hfn(10,Event)
          Enddo
          Call Hrout(0,Icycle,' ')
          Call Hrend('QUOTA')
          End
    

   When you run this example you get:

    $ ./quota
     RZMAKE. new RZ format selected.
             This file will not be readable with versions of RZ prior to release 94B
    $ ls -l quota.hbook
    -rw-r--r--   1 couet    olivier  340918272 Dec 13 12:06 quota.hbook
    $
    

   The C version of this program is:

    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <cfortran.h>
    #include <math.h>
    #include <packlib.h>
    #include <kernlib.h>
   
    #define Nwpawc 150000
    #define Nvars  17
   
    typedef float PAWC_DEF[Nwpawc];
    #define PAWC COMMON_BLOCK(PAWC,pawc)
    COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(PAWC_DEF,PAWC);
    
    typedef struct {int iquest[100];} quest_def;
    #define QUEST COMMON_BLOCK(QUEST,quest)
    COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(quest_def,QUEST);
    
    main()
    {
       int i, Icycle, istat;
       int record_size = 1024;
   
       float Event[Nvars];
   
       char Chtags[17][8]={"X1","Y1","Z1","Energy1","Eloss1",
                           "X2","Y2","Z2","Energy2","Eloss2",
                           "X3","Y3","Z3","Energy3","Eloss3",
                           "X4","Y4"};
   
       HLIMIT(Nwpawc);
   
       QUEST.iquest[9] = 256000;
       HROPEN(1,"QUOTA","quota.hbook","NQE",record_size,istat);
   
       HBOOKN(10,"A simple Ntuple",Nvars,"//QUOTA",10000,Chtags);
   
       for (i=1; i<=5000000; i++) {
          RANNOR(Event[0],Event[1]);
          Event[0] = (float)i;
          Event[2] = sqrt(Event[0]*Event[0]+Event[1]*Event[1]);
          Event[3] = 50. + 10.*Event[0];
          Event[4] = 10. * abs(Event[1]);
          RANNOR (Event[5],Event[6]);
          Event[7] = sqrt(Event[5]*Event[5]+Event[6]*Event[6]);
          Event[8] = 50. + 10.*Event[5];
          Event[9] = 10. * abs(Event[6]);
          RANNOR(Event[10],Event[11]);
          Event[12] = sqrt(Event[10]*Event[10]+Event[11]*Event[11]);
          Event[13] = 50. + 10.*Event[10];
          Event[14] = 10. * abs(Event[11]);
          RANNOR(Event[15],Event[16]);
          HFN(10,Event);
       }
   
       HROUT(0,Icycle," ");
       HREND("QUOTA");
       KUCLOS(1," ",1);
    }
    

1. If it is a row wise ntuple (RWN: created with HBOOKN): Set parameter NWPRIM to a large value (say 50000 words)

2. If it is a column wise ntuple (CWN: created with HBNT/HBNAME): Set the buffer size for each column via CALL HBSET('BSIZE',NWORDS,IERR). A convenient value for NWORDS is the record size itself (eg, 4096 words)

A graphical view of the marker types available.

1. Point shape (.).
2. Plus shape (+).
3. Asterisk shape (*).
4. Circle shape (o).
5. X shape (x).

And also ....

• The marker type can be changed with the command SET MTYP n
• The marker size can be changed with the commands SET MSCF size and SET KSIZ size for the 1D histogram plotting.
• The marker type 1 is not scalable.

How to create a legend ?

 Macro Legend
 TYPE = [1]   | Type of hatches
 X1   = [2]   | X bottom left corner of the box.
 X2   = [3]   | X top right corner of the box.
 Y1   = [4]   | Y bottom left corner of the box.
 Y2   = [5]   | Y top right corner of the box.
 TEXT = [6]   | Text to be printed
 Set FAIS 3
 Set FASI [TYPE]
 Set BORD 1
 Box [X1] [X2] [Y1] [Y2]
 Set TXAL 03
 XT = [X2]+$GRAFINFO('?CHHE')
 YT = ([Y2]+[Y1])/2
 Itx [XT] [YT] [TEXT]
 Return

 

Dynamic linking (shared libraries).

 PAW > call file.f       | code is interpreted (default)
 PAW > call file.f77     | compilation of file.f with f77 and dynamic linking
 PAW > call file.c       | same with the C compiler
 

 #include <stdio.h>
 file_(int *i)
 {
    int j=*i*100;
    printf("this is a test %d\n",j);
 }
 

 PAW > call file.c(123)
 this is a test 12300
 PAW > 
 

It is possible to load shared objects without executing the code. The following macro gives an example:

                               Macro comp
                               appl comis quit
                               !file filename.f77
                               quit
 

in this case the local compiler is invoked to process filename.f (note that the file extension remains .f even if the file is called with the extension .f77). Before invoking the compiler, COMIS perform preliminary operations:

1. fills a list of used variables for ntuple watched common blocks,
2. replaces VECTOR's name by Q(link(i)+offs),
3. replaces calls to watched routines (CALL HFILL(...)) by call jumpcn(jmp(line),[-]line,...)

then COMIS creates and executes a script file to invoke the native fortran compiler and linker to create a shared object and load the shared object.

C code can also be loaded as shared objects. The following macro gives an example:

                               Macro comp
                               appl comis quit
                               !file filename.c
                               quit
 

in this case COMIS creates and executes a script file to invoke the native C compiler and linker to create a shared object and load the shared object.

It is also possible to load an existing shared library. In that case the local compiler is not invoked. There is two types of shared libraries:

1. shared libraries produced from fortran code (invoked with extension .sl),
2. shared libraries produced from C code (invoked with extension .csl).

The following macro shows how to load a shared library produced from fortran code:

                               Macro load
                               appl comis quit
                               !file filename.sl
                               quit
 

in this case COMIS analyse the file filename.f to fill a list of used variables for ntuple watched common blocks, and then load the shared object filename.sl.

The following macro shows how to load a shared library produced from C code:

                               Macro load
                               appl comis quit
                               !file filename.csl
                               quit
 

in this case COMIS doesn't analyse the source file, it only load the shared object filename.sl . This can be a way to use fortran features not supported by COMIS such as DOUBLE COMPLEX.

Note that when a procedure has been is loaded with one of the methods described above, it can then be accessed by its name only i.e. the file extension is not needed anymore providing the procedure's code has not changed.

To produce and load the shared library, COMIS produced a temporary script file which looks like this:

#! /bin/sh
 olddir=`pwd`
 cd CHPATH
 /bin/rm -f name.sl
 # for C compiler
 #    cc -c .... name.c
 CHCC name.c
 #for f77 compiler
 #    f77 -c .... name.f
 CHF77 name.f
 errno=$?'
 if [ $errno != 0 ]
 then
    exit $errno
 fi
 #for HPUX.
 ld -b -o name.sl name.o
 #for SUN.
 #    ld -G -o name.sl name.o     for Solaris
 ld -o name.sl name.o
 #for SGI.
 ld -shared -o name.sl name.o
 #for LINUX.
 ld -shared -o name.sl name.o
 #
 errno=$?
 if [ $errno != 0 ]
 then
   exit $errno
 fi
 /bin/chmod 555 name.sl
 /bin/rm -f name.o
 cd $olddir
 exit 0
 

This default script can be customised using COMIS directives.

The user can redefine CHPATH - The new directory where shared object and temporary files will be located (default is /tmp/),

                               Macro SetPath
                               appl comis quit
                               !setopt 'string' path
                               quit
 

The user can redefine CHF77 - fortran compiler directive:

                               Macro Setf77Options
                               appl comis quit
                               !setopt 'string' f77
                               quit

The user can redefine CHCC - C compiler directive:

                               Macro SetCOptions
                               appl comis quit
                               !setopt 'string' cc
                               quit
 

To have the current values of the !setopt parameters use:

                               Macro ShowOptions
                               appl comis quit
                               !setopt
                               quit
 

Restrictions:

1. Suppose you load/call a file which contains the f1 routine and then try load/call another file with the f2 routine which calls f1. It does not work on IBMRT. You will get error:

                        ERROR: Undefined symbol: .f1_
    

   To solve this problem you could add f1 routine into file with f2 routine.

2. The list of the CERNLIB routines (and COMMON blocks) callable from a COMIS is given in the help of the command FORTRAN/CALL. Only the routines given in that list can be called from an interpreted COMIS program. Nevertheless, it is possible to call other routines present in the PAW module from a compiled COMIS program but this feature is strongly machine dependent:
   • It does not work on IBMRT and Digital UNIX.
     
     
   • On HP you can call any PAW routines and access any PAW common from any COMIS routine.
     
     
   • On other platforms you can do it after executing the macro:

                          APPL COMIS QUIT
                          !FILE 0.csl
                          QUIT
      

   On UNIX, to check if the routine you want to call or the common block you want to access is used in the PAW module just do:

                        $ nm /cern/pro/bin/pawX11 | grep -i routine_name
    

   If nothing is returned it means that routine_name cannot be accessed.

3. On Linux the function name should not contains the character "_".

4. On all platforms when the routine name has no parameter, it is better to put empty parenthesis at the end of the routine name. On some platforms it is mandatory:

                              REAL FUNCTION select()
    

Note:

GIF ?

Before the Version 2.07/20 of PAW:

the program xwpick, available on asis, should be used. It has all kind of options to produce GIF, PICT etc .. . In PAW just do:

 shell xwpick ....

This will invoke xwpick in interactive mode.

To convert the current PAW window into a gif file, the following script (UNIX only) can be used (file xw1):

xwininfo -name 'HIGZ_01 @ hphigz' | grep xwininfo | sed -e 's/^..................../xwpick junk.gif -window/' -e 's/.................
 mv junk.gif $1

in PAW just do:

PAW > shell xw1 test.gif

and the current window will be converted in test.gif.

After the Version 2.07/20 of PAW:

The command PICTURE/PRINT produces a gif file if the file name is file_name.gif.

Example:

PAW > pict/print test.gif

produce the file test.gif from the current graphics window.

1. Select the window to be capture with the mouse.
2. Press Alt-PrintScreen to copy that window to "clipboard".
3. Apply "paste" operation under any Windows tool. For example PowerPoint or Microsoft PhotoEditor. Both packages can save files in gif format.

Since the Version 2.08 of PAW:

In a batch HIGZ program:

       CALL IGGIF(1,W,H,'name.gif','M')
 

Note: The GIF file is created by converting the content of the X11 window. So, as we said before, the HIGZ graphics window is necessary. If the popping up of the HIGZ window on the computer screen is annoying, one can install the VNC server and redirect the HIGZ window to that screen like setenv DISPLAY :1.

Axis labelling and divisions optimisation

• LABNUM An integer between 1 and 9. It identifies the labels set.
• NLABS The number of items to be placed on the labels (up to 50).
• CHLABS NLABS character strings specifying the label items.

     SET NDVX i            e.g. SET NDVX 512
 

     SET NDVX i.jk         e.g. SET NDVX 10.25
 

In the second case the number in front of the dot (i) indicates the total number of divisions, the first digit following the dot (j) the label identifier (LABNUM) (if this number is equal to 0 numeric labels are drawn). The second digit after the dot (k) indicates the position where the labels have to be drawn (i.e. the parameter, in this case 5, indicating horizontally written text centred on the interval). Study the next figures for details. These two figures show that the labels can be centred on the tick marks (1 to 4) or on the divisions (5 to 8). If the labels are centred on the tick marks, note that the number of items in the command LABELS must be equal to the number of tick marks (which is equal to the number of divisions plus one ), otherwise the last alphanumeric label on the axis will be undefined.

By default, the number of primary divisions given by SET NDVX n, SET NDVY n or SET NDVZ n is optimised to have a reasonable labelling: The number of divisions ( NDIV ) is calculated according to the following convention:

                          (NDIV = N1 + 100*N2 + 10000*N3)
 

1. If NDIV is positive, it is taken as a maximum number and the binning is optimised.
2. If NDIV is negative, its absolute value is taken as the exact number of division without optimisation.
3. If NDIV equal zero is given the default (510. i.e. 10 primary divisions and 5 secondary) is taken.

The number of primary divisions is also optimised according the number of zones (see command ZONE) i.e : along the X direction the number of primary divisions is divided by the_number_of_X_zones along the Y direction the number of primary divisions in divided by (the_number_of_Y_zones)/2.

If the number of divisions has to be exactly equal to the number given by SET NDVX n, SET NDVY n or SET NDVZ n, a negative value must be used i.e.:

     SET NDVX -i            e.g. SET NDVX -512
 

     SET NDVX -i.jk         e.g. SET NDVX -10.25
 

 PAW > LABEL 1 12 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
 PAW > SET NDVX -12.15
 

How to print the output of HIST/FIT into a text file ?

  PAW > OUTPUT 60 FIT.DAT
  PAW > HI/FIT 10 G
 

How to fit 2-D vectors in PAW ?

 MACRO FIT2D
 *
 * Macro to test 2-D fits of functions F(x1,x2) = Y to data.
 *
 ZONE 2 2
 OPT NSTA

 H/DEL *
 VECT/DEL *

 NP= 3
 VECT/CREA PAR([NP])  R 100.0 1.0 1.0
 VECT/CREA STEP([NP]) R 1.0 1.0 1.0
 VECT/CREA PMIN([NP]) R 1.0 0.0 1.0
 VECT/CREA PMAX([NP]) R 1.0 1.0 1.0
 *
 * Define number of bins in X and Y, then book vectors:
 *
 NX= 6
 NY= 8
 MINX=  0.0
 MAXX=  3.0
 MINY=  0.0
 MAXY=  4.0
 N= [NX]*[NY]
 VECT/CREA Y([N])
 VECT/CREA EY([N])
 VECT/CREA X([N],2)
 *
 * Make dummy data using random function HRNDM2. Observe that here the values to
 * be expected from the fits are defined:
 *                    |          |
 FUN2 20 EXP(-0.5*(((1.5-X)**2+(2.0-Y)**2)/(3.**2))) 20 [MINX] [MAXX] _
 20 [MINY] [MAXY]
 2D 30 'DATA'  [NX] [MINX] [MAXX] [NY] [MINY] [MAXY]
 APPLICATION COMIS QUIT
       SUBROUTINE RNDM
       DO 10 I=1,10000
         CALL HRNDM2(20,RX,RY)
         CALL HFILL(30,RX,RY,1.0)
  10   CONTINUE
       END
       CALL RNDM
       END
 QUIT
 H/PL 30 LEGO
 GET/CON 30 Y
 GET/ERR 30 EY
 *
 * Put coordinates x1 and x2 into vector X:
 *
 BINWX= ([MAXX]-[MINX])/[NX]
 BINWY= ([MAXY]-[MINY])/[NY]
 DO I=1,[NY]
   DO J=1,[NX]
     ZX= $SIGMA( [MINX]+[BINWX]*([J]-0.5) )
     ZY= $SIGMA( [MINY]+[BINWY]*([I]-0.5) )
     N= $SIGMA( ([I]-1)*[NX]+[J] )
     VECT/INP X([N],1) [ZX]
     VECT/INP X([N],2) [ZY]
   ENDDO
 ENDDO
 *
 * Do the fit:
 *
 V/IN PAR 100.0 1.0 1.0
 V/FIT X Y EY FUNXY.FOR 0 [NP] PAR STEP PMIN PMAX

 | Plot result:
 P1= PAR(1)
 P2= PAR(2)
 P3= PAR(3)
 ZONE 1 2 2 S
 FUN2 50 [P1]*EXP(-0.5*((([P2]-X)**2+([P3]-Y)**2)/(3.**2))) [NX] [MINX] [MAXX] _
 [NY] [MINY] [MAXY] ' '
 H/PL 50 LEGO

 RETURN
 

       FUNCTION FUNXY(X)
       DIMENSION X(2)
       COMMON/PAWPAR/PAR(3)
       FUNXY= PAR(1)
      &      *EXP( -0.5*(((PAR(2)-X(1))**2+(PAR(3)-X(2))**2)/(3.**2)) )
       END
 

PAW > exe fit2d ********************************************** * * * Function minimization by SUBROUTINE HFITV * * Variable-metric method * * ID = 0 CHOPT = 0 * * * ********************************************** Convergence when estimated distance to minimum (EDM) .LT. 0.10E+01 FCN= 44.38704 FROM MIGRAD STATUS=CONVERGED 70 CALLS 71 TOTAL EDM= 0.92E-04 STRATEGY= 1 ERROR MATRIX ACCURATE EXT PARAMETER STEP FIRST NO. NAME VALUE ERROR SIZE DERIVATIVE 1 P1 232.45 2.4176 0.58806 0.23439E-04 2 P2 1.7379 0.10665 0.24700E-01 0.10854 3 P3 2.0745 0.81073E-01 0.19395E-01 -0.86093E-01 CHISQUARE = 0.9864E+00 NPFIT = 48 PAW >

How to define the colour map for the option COLZ of HISTO/PLOT ?

	Macro Colz Set * ; Opt * ; H/Del * * Fun2 100 1000*(x**2+y**2) 100 -1 1 100 -1 1 ' ' * Mess ' ' Mess 'The first 8 (0-7) basic colours are used' Mess ' ' Hist/Plot 100 COLZ Wait * Mess ' ' Mess 'SET NCOL allows to enlarge the colour map and defines' Mess 'a grey scale ramp from color index 8 to NCOL' Mess ' ' Set NCOL 20 Hist/Plot 100 COLZ Wait * Mess ' ' Mess 'The command PALETTE defines (by default) a geographical' Mess 'palette form 8 to NCOL' Mess ' ' Palette 1 Hist/Plot 100 COLZ Wait * Mess ' ' Mess 'The command COLOR allows to define individually the colours.' Mess ' ' Color 20 1 0 0 Color 8 1 0 0 Color 15 1 0 0 Hist/Plot 100 COLZ * Return

The following example is in fact a tool allowing to define a smooth colour map in a very simple way. This tool consist of 2 COMIS routines which should be saved in the files shade.f and setshd.f. The routine setshd allows to define a set (up to 20) of fixed colours which will be used to define the colour map. Once this set of colours is define, a single call to shade allows to define the colour map. An example is given below, with the macro shade.kumac.

File "shade.f":

       subroutine shade()
       parameter (nmx = 20)
       common /shpt/ npt,idx(nmx),r(nmx),g(nmx),b(nmx)
       if (npt.lt.2) then
          print*, 'Error: at least two colours are needed'
          return
       endif
       do i=2,npt
          j  = i-1
          i1 = idx(j)
          i2 = idx(i)
          r1 = r(j)
          g1 = g(j)
          b1 = b(j)
          r2 = r(i)
          g2 = g(i)
          b2 = b(i)
          n  = i2-i1+1
          do ii=i1,i2
             scale = float(ii-i1)/(n-1)
             rs = (r2 - r1)*scale + r1
             gs = (g2 - g1)*scale + g1
             bs = (b2 - b1)*scale + b1
             call iscr(1,ii,rs,gs,bs)
          enddo
       enddo
       end
 

       subroutine setshd(idxi, ri, gi, bi)
       parameter (nmx = 20)
       common /shpt/ npt,idx(nmx),r(nmx),g(nmx),b(nmx)
       if (idxi.lt.0) then
          npt = 0
          return
       endif
       npt = npt+1
       if (npt.gt.nmx) then
          print*, 'Error: too many colours'
          return
       endif
       idx(npt) = idxi
       r(npt)   = ri
       g(npt)   = gi
       b(npt)   = bi
       end
 

 Macro shade
 set ncol 255
 fun2 100 exp(-.5*((x-75)/10)**2)*exp(-.5*((y-60)/10)**2) 100 45 105 100 30 90 ' '
 call setshd.f( -1,0.0,0.0,0.0)
 call setshd.f(  8,0.0,0.0,1.0)
 call setshd.f(100,1.0,0.0,0.0)
 call setshd.f(130,1.0,1.0,0.0)
 call setshd.f(180,0.0,1.0,0.5)
 call setshd.f(255,1.0,0.6,0.5)
 call shade.f
 h/pl 100 colz
 h/del 100
 return
 

 PAW > Exec shade
 

File "colz.kumac":

 Macro Colz
 Opt * ; h/del * ; v/del *
 fun2 2 sin(x)/x*cos(y)*y 100 -6 6 100 -6 6 ' '
 N = 6
 V/create Z([N]) R -12  -4  -1   0   1  12
 V/create R([N]) R 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
 V/create G([N]) R 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0
 V/create B([N]) R 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0
 call colz.f(2,255,[N],Z,R,G,B)
 Return
 

       Subroutine Colz(Id,Ncol,N,Z,R,G,B)
 *
 * This procedure defines a mapping of a 2D histogram content to a palette
 * of colours defines by R G B values. Ncol is the number of colours in the
 * colour map.
 * Z(i) is mapped to R(i), G(i), B(i).
 * If Z(1) < Zmin, Zmin is used, is Z(N) > Zmax Z max is used
 *
       Dimension Z(N),R(N),G(N),B(N)
       Character*32 Chtitl
 *
       Call Hgive(Id,Chtitl,Ncx,Xmin,Xmax,Ncy,Ymin,Ymax,Nwt,Loc)
 *
       Call Igset('NCOL',Float(Ncol))
 *
       Zmin = Hij(Id,1,1)
       Zmax = Zmin
       Do j=1,Ncy
          Do I=1,Ncx
             Zi = Hij(Id,i,j)
             If (Zi.Gt.Zmax) Zmax = Zi
             If (Zi.Lt.Zmin) Zmin = Zi
          Enddo
       Enddo
       Dz = Zmax-Zmin
 *
       Call Setshd( -1,0.0,0.0,0.0)
       Do I=1,N
          Zi  = Z(I)
          If (Zi.Lt.Zmin) Zi = Zmin
          If (Zi.Gt.Zmax) Zi = Zmax
          Idz = Int(((Zi-Zmin)/Dz)*(Ncol-8)+8)
          Call Setshd(Idz,R(I),G(I),B(I))
       Enddo
       Call Shade
       Call Hplot(Id,'COLZ',' ',0)
       End
 *.__________________________________
 *
       Subroutine Shade()
       Parameter (Nmx = 20)
       Common /SHPT/ Npt,Idx(Nmx),R(Nmx),G(Nmx),B(Nmx)
       If (Npt.Lt.2) Then
          Print*, 'Error: at least two colours are needed'
          Return
       Endif
       Do I=2,Npt
          J  = I-1
          I1 = Idx(j)
          I2 = Idx(i)
          R1 = R(j)
          G1 = G(j)
          B1 = B(j)
          R2 = R(i)
          G2 = G(i)
          B2 = B(i)
          n  = i2-i1+1
          Do Ii=I1,i2
             Scale = Float(Ii-I1)/(N-1)
             Rs    = (R2 - R1)*Scale + R1
             Gs    = (G2 - G1)*Scale + G1
             Bs    = (B2 - B1)*Scale + B1
             Call Iscr(1,Ii,Rs,Gs,Bs)
          Enddo
       Enddo
       End
 *.__________________________________
 *
       Subroutine Setshd(Idxi, Ri, Gi, Bi)
       Parameter (Nmx = 20)
       Common /SHPT/ Npt,Idx(Nmx),R(Nmx),G(Nmx),B(Nmx)
       If (Idxi.Lt.0) Then
          Npt = 0
          Return
       Endif
       Npt = Npt+1
       If (Npt.Gt.Nmx) Then
          Print*, 'Error: too many colours'
          Return
       Endif
       Idx(Npt) = Idxi
       R(Npt)   = Ri
       G(Npt)   = Gi
       B(Npt)   = Bi
       End
 

 PAW > Exec colz
 

How to re-scale an histogram ?

       Subroutine Rescale(Id1,Id2,X1,X2)
       Character*32 Chtitl
       Logical Hexist
       Call Hgive(Id1,Chtitl,Ncx,Xmin,Xmax,Ncy,Ymin,Ymax,Nwt,Loc)
       Bw   = (Xmax-Xmin)/Ncx
       Nbin = (X2-X1)/Bw
       Bw2  = Bw/2.
       If (Hexist(Id2)) Call Hdelet(Id2)
       Call Hbook1(Id2,Chtitl,NBin,X1,X2,0.)
       Do I=1,Ncx
          Call Hix(Id1,I,X)
          XI = X+Bw2
          W  = Hx(Id1,XI)
          Call Hfill(Id2,XI,0.,W)
       Enddo
       End
 

 PAW > Call rescale.f(10,11,-3.,10.)
 PAW > h/pl 11
 

How to execute a macro in batch mode ?

on Unix	paw -b macro_name
on VMS	PAW/batch=macro_name

If the macro produce a PostScript file, the first parameter of the command METAFILE (LUN) must be negative:

    Macro macro_name
    For/File  1 filename.ps
    Metafile -1 -111
      .
      .
      here put your graphic commands
      .
      .
    close 1
 

    if $INDEX($ARGS,'-b') = 0 then
       a/cr batch 0
    else
       a/cr batch 1
    endif
 

Arguments passing

It is NOT possible to pass directly arguments to a macro executed in batch. Nevertheless this problem can be bypass using environment variables.

On Unix (csh)	setenv arg1 hello paw -b macro_name
On Unix (ksh)	export arg1=hello paw -b macro_name
On VMS	arg1 :== hello PAW/batch=macro_name

In all cases (UNIX, VMS ...) in the macro "macro_name" it is enough to use $ENV(arg1) to get the value of the global variable. arg1
Example:

 mess $ENV(arg1)
 

A vector field drawing COMIS routine for Ntuple (2D and 3D).

 H/del *
 Appl data nt.dat
 0  1  0.1 1.8
 1  2  1.1 2.2
 2  3  2.1 3.8
 3  4  3.1 4.8
 4  5  4.1 5.2
 5  5  5.1 5.8
 6  4  6.1 4.2
 7  3  7.1 8.8
 8  2  8.1 2.2
 9  1  9.1 1.2
 nt.dat
 Nt/Create 4 'Test' 4 ! ! X Y PX PY
 Nt/Read 4 nt.dat

 Null -1 10 -1 10

 Appl comis Quit
       REAL FUNCTION ntarr
       REAL
      +X       ,Y       ,PX      ,PY
 *
       LOGICAL         CHAIN
       CHARACTER*128   CFILE
 *
       COMMON /PAWCHN/ CHAIN, NCHEVT, ICHEVT
       COMMON /PAWCHC/ CFILE
 *
       COMMON/PAWIDN/IDNEVT,OBS(13),
      +X       ,Y       ,PX      ,PY
 *
       Dimension a(2),b(2),u(3),v(3)
 *
       a(1) = X
       a(2) = PX
       b(1) = Y
       b(2) = PY
 *
       Arrow_size = 0.2
       Arrow_width =0.3
       fsin=0.
       fcos=1.
       xl=sqrt((a(2)-a(1))**2 + (b(2)-b(1))**2)
       if(xl.gt.0.)then
          fsin=(b(2)-b(1))/xl
          fcos=(a(2)-a(1))/xl
       endif
       u(1)=a(1)+(xl-Arrow_size)*fcos-Arrow_size*Arrow_width *fsin
       u(3)=a(1)+(xl-Arrow_size)*fcos+Arrow_size*Arrow_width *fsin
       v(1)=b(1)+(xl-Arrow_size)*fsin+Arrow_size*Arrow_width *fcos
       v(3)=b(1)+(xl-Arrow_size)*fsin-Arrow_size*Arrow_width *fcos
       u(2)=a(2)
       v(2)=b(2)
 *
       Call Igset('FAIS',1.)
       Call Ipl(2,a,b)
       Call Ifa(3,u,v)
 *
       ntarr=1.
 *
       END
 Quit

 nt/loop 4 ntarr
 

 H/del *

 Appl data nt.dat
 0  1  5 0.1 1.8 5.1
 1  2  4 1.1 2.2 4.1
 2  3  3 2.1 3.8 3.1
 3  4  2 3.1 4.8 2.1
 4  5  1 4.1 5.2 1.1
 5  5  1 5.1 5.8 1.1
 6  4  2 6.1 4.2 2.1
 7  3  3 7.1 8.8 3.1
 8  2  4 8.1 2.2 4.1
 9  1  5 9.1 1.2 5.1
 nt.dat
 Nt/Create 4 'Test' 6 ! ! X Y Z PX PY PZ
 Nt/Read 4 nt.dat

 call hplfr3(0.,10.,0.,10.,0.,10.,30.,30.,'WBF')
 Set MTYP 4
 Set MSCF 0.7

 Appl comis Quit
       REAL FUNCTION ntarr
       REAL
      +X       ,Y       ,PX      ,PY
 *
       LOGICAL         CHAIN
       CHARACTER*128   CFILE
 *
       COMMON /PAWCHN/ CHAIN, NCHEVT, ICHEVT
       COMMON /PAWCHC/ CFILE
 *
       COMMON/PAWIDN/IDNEVT,OBS(13),
      +X       ,Y       ,Z       ,PX      ,PY      ,PZ
 *
       Dimension a(2),b(2),c(2),u(3),v(3)
 *
       a(1) = X
       a(2) = PX
       b(1) = Y
       b(2) = PY
       c(1) = Z
       c(2) = PZ
 *
       Call Ipl3(2,a,b,c)
       Call Ipm3(1,PX,PY,PZ)
 *
       ntarr=1.
 *
       END
 Quit

 nt/loop 4 ntarr
 

How to combine n Ntuples into only one ?

1. The command HMERGE allows to combine several hbook files into one ie: all the histogram and all the Ntuples into the source files are grouped into one file. Ntuple with the same ID are merged.

2. You can use NTUPLE/CHAIN . With this mechanism, the ntuples stay in there respective file but can be analyse in one go.

Can I run PAW on my MacIntosh ?

It is also possible to run PAW on a remote host and display the PAW graphics window on a MacIntosh. This can be achieve in two ways:

1. With a X11 emulator (like macX) on the MacIntosh and the X11 version of PAW running on the host. For more details can be found in the Guide for the Usage of X Window at CERN .
2. With a TELNET emulator using Tektronix 4014/Falco graphics emulation (workstation type 7878).

How to rebuild PAW with a larger memory ?

       PROGRAM PAMAIN
 *
 *        MAIN Program for basic PAW
 *
       PARAMETER (NWPAW=2000000)
 *
       COMMON/PAWC/PAWCOM(NWPAW)
 *
       ON REAL UNDERFLOW IGNORE            <--- For HP only 
 *
       CALL PAW(NWPAW,IWTYP)
 *
       CALL KUWHAG
 *
       CALL PAEXIT
 *
       STOP
       END

       SUBROUTINE QNEXT
       END
 
       SUBROUTINE CTL$GL_PCB              \
       ENTRY CTL$T_ACCOUNT                 | For VAX
       ENTRY CTL$T_USERNAME                | only
       END                                /
 
 

To rebuild paw++ instead of pawX11 be sure that:

1. the main program is (copy/paste it in pamain.f):

          PROGRAM PAMAIN
    *
          PARAMETER (NWPAW=2000000)
    *
          COMMON /PAWC/ PAWCOM(NWPAW)
    *
          CALL PAWPP(NWPAW,IWTYP)
    *
          IF (IWTYP .EQ. 999) THEN
             CALL KUWHAM('Paw++')
          ELSE
             CALL KUWHAG
          ENDIF
    *
          CALL PAEXIT
    *
          STOP
          END
    

2. Motif is available on your machine. If not you can download it from http://www.opengroup.org/openmotif/.

On UNIX the link procedure is:

 OPTION=-O                                   <--- Machine dependent 
 CERNLIB=/cern/pro/lib
 LIB=-lX11 -lm -lc                           <--- Machine dependent 
 LIBMOTIF=-lXm -lXt                          <--- Machine dependent 

 f77 -o pawX11 pamain.f  $OPTION    \        <--- replace pawX11 by paw++ to rebuild paw++
   $CERNLIB/libpawlib.a             \
   $CERNLIB/libpacklib.a            \
   $CERNLIB/libgraflib.a            \
   $CERNLIB/libgrafX11.a            \
   $CERNLIB/libpacklib.a            \
   $CERNLIB/libmathlib.a            \
   $CERNLIB/libkernlib.a            \
   $CERNLIB/liblapack3.a            \
   $CERNLIB/libblas.a               \
   -L/usr/local/lib -lshift         \
   $LIBMOTIF                        \        <--- for paw++ only    
   $LIB
 

 $ chmod +x buildpaw
 $ ./buildpaw
 

• On HPUX:

   OPTION=+ppu -Wl,-E
   LIB=-L/usr/lib/X11R5 -lX11 -lm -lc -lPW -ldld
   

• On LINUX with g77 (replace f77 by g77 in the previous script):

   OPTION=-O -Wl,-E
   LIB=-L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11 -lcrypt -ldl -lnsl
   LIBMOTIF=-lXm -lXt -lXext -lXp
   

• On ALPHA/OSF:

   OPTION=-D 40000000 -T 20000000 -taso -v
   LIB=-lX11 -ldnet_stub
   LIBMOTIF=-lXm -lXt
   

• On SUN/SOLARIS:

   OPTION=-Bdynamic
   LIB=-L/usr/openwin/lib -lX11 -lw -lgen -lsocket -lnsl -lintl -ldl
   LIBMOTIF=-lXm -lXt
   

On Windows 95,98, Me,2000 or NT 4 the link procedure is:

 df -Fepawbig.exe pamain.for pawlib.lib lapack3.lib blas.lib graflib.lib
 grafX11.lib ix_higz.lib packlib.lib mathlib.lib kernlib.lib user32.lib
 advapi32.lib wsock32.lib
 

1. Be sure you have Compaq Visual Fortran installed.
2. Download in a build folder (let's say C:\cern) the CERN libraries mentioned in this script.
3. In C:\cern create pamain.for as explained above.
4. In C:\cern copy/paste the previous script in an file named buildpaw.bat.
5. Open a MS-DOS Prompt with the Visual Fortran environment. It is provided with Compaq Visual Fortran, change directory to C:\cern and do:

    C:\cern buildpaw
    

A macro to draw the histograms statistics.

    Macro Draw_Stat
 *
    Id = [1]
    X1 = [2]
    X2 = [3]
    Y1 = [4]
    Y2 = [5]
    N  = 6
    Dy = $EVAL(([Y2]-[Y1])/([N]+1))
    Xt = $EVAL([X1]+0.1)
    Yt = $EVAL([Y2]-[Dy])
    Selnt 1
    Box [X1] [X2] [Y1] [Y2]
    Set CHHE $EVAL(0.7*[Dy])
    Set TXAL 03
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] ID        ; Yt = $EVAL([Yt]-[Dy])
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] Entries   ; Yt = $EVAL([Yt]-[Dy])
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] Mean      ; Yt = $EVAL([Yt]-[Dy])
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] Rms       ; Yt = $EVAL([Yt]-[Dy])
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] Overflow  ; Yt = $EVAL([Yt]-[Dy])
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] Underflow
 *
    Yt = $EVAL([Y2]-[Dy])
    Xt = $EVAL([X2]-0.1)
    Set TXAL 33
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] [Id]                     ; Yt = $EVAL([Yt]-[Dy])
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] $HINFO([Id],'ENTRIES')   ; Yt = $EVAL([Yt]-[Dy])
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] $HINFO([Id],'MEAN')      ; Yt = $EVAL([Yt]-[Dy])
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] $HINFO([Id],'RMS')       ; Yt = $EVAL([Yt]-[Dy])
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] $HINFO([Id],'OVERFLOW')  ; Yt = $EVAL([Yt]-[Dy])
    Itx [Xt] [Yt] $HINFO([Id],'UNDERFLOW')
 *
    Return
 

1. The histogram identifier
2. X coordinate of bottom left corner
3. X coordinate of top right corner
4. Y coordinate of bottom left corner
5. Y coordinate of top right corner

PAW > H/Plot 10 PAW > Exec draw_stat 10 2 10 2 6 | the position is in cm

How to produce a graph from data stored in an ASCII file ?

    PAW > VECTOR/DELETE *
    PAW > VECTOR/READ   X,Y snoopy.dat
    PAW > GRAPH $VDIM(X,1) X Y
 

   10.45700      19.02800
   9.867000      18.91000
   9.308000      18.61600
   8.630000      18.46800
   8.012000      18.38000
   7.393000      18.49800
   6.834000      18.61600
   5.862000      18.61600
   4.860000      18.38000
   3.829000      17.76100
   3.240000      16.96600
   2.710000      16.23000
   2.769000      14.90400
   2.209000      14.96300
   1.826000      15.28700
   1.708000      15.75800
   1.767000      16.20000
   2.150000      16.40600
   2.504000      16.46500
   2.828000      16.31800
   2.739000      14.78600
   3.063000      13.96200
   3.535000      13.34300
   3.976000      12.96000
   4.801000      12.48900
   5.596000      12.28300
   6.274000      12.16500
   6.863000      11.95900
   7.305000      11.51700
   7.806000      10.86900
   8.012000      10.51500
   7.894000      10.19100
   7.688000      9.838000
   7.246000      9.543000
   7.010000      9.779000
   7.452000      10.30900
   6.745000      11.34000
   5.803000      11.90000
   5.037000      11.72300
   5.214000      11.60500
   5.420000      11.16300
   5.125000      10.92800
   4.772000      10.72200
   4.242000      10.75100
   3.711000      10.54500
   3.358000      10.13300
   3.152000      9.602000
   3.417000      9.161000
   4.300000      9.013000
   4.624000      8.866000
   4.948000      8.277000
   4.890000      8.189000
   4.683000      8.159000
   4.536000      7.629000
   5.007000      7.010000
   4.566000      6.745000
   5.155000      6.068000
   4.477000      6.038000
   4.271000      5.744000
   4.477000      5.508000
   4.801000      5.331000
   5.214000      5.302000
   5.685000      5.538000
   5.655000      4.890000
   6.097000      3.976000
   6.627000      3.505000
   6.480000      2.592000
   5.891000      2.445000
   4.860000      2.474000
   4.389000      2.415000
   3.800000      2.003000
   3.594000      1.532000
   3.711000      1.149000
   4.035000      1.031000
   4.536000      1.060000
   4.683000      1.178000
   5.331000      1.031000
   6.598000      1.001000
   9.219000      .9430000
   10.45700      1.031000
   10.75100      1.237000
   10.75100      1.473000
   10.39800      1.856000
   9.985000      2.003000
   9.367000      2.180000
   8.984000      2.445000
   8.807000      2.946000
   8.748000      3.623000
   8.984000      3.918000
   9.602000      4.124000
   10.36800      3.594000
   11.34000      3.152000
   11.95900      3.152000
   11.48700      3.623000
   10.45700      4.035000
   9.750000      4.507000
   9.750000      5.361000
   9.396000      5.714000
   9.190000      6.598000
   9.161000      7.452000
   8.954000      8.041000
   8.895000      8.748000
   8.954000      9.426000
   8.984000      9.838000
   9.485000      10.39800
   9.956000      10.57400
   10.66300      10.66300
   11.10500      10.66300
   11.57600      9.897000
   12.10600      9.720000
   12.54800      9.750000
   13.13700      9.867000
   13.90300      10.54500
   14.34500      11.07500
   14.69800      12.10600
   14.72800      13.72600
   14.22700      15.46400
   14.02100      16.34800
   13.25500      17.73200
   12.01800      18.58600
   10.48600      19.05700
   

How to position the axis titles in the middle of each axis instead at the end ?

Since PAW version 2.07

Before PAW version 2.07

 MACRO ALABEL XLBL=' ' YLBL=' ' XDEL=0.05 YDEL=0.05
   NT   = $GRAFINFO('NT')
   TSIZ = $GRAFINFO('?TSIZ')
   TFON = $GRAFINFO('?TFON')
   X1   = $GRAFINFO('VPXMIN')  | Lower X limit of viewport in current NT
   X2   = $GRAFINFO('VPXMAX')  | Upper X limit of viewport in current NT
   Y1   = $GRAFINFO('VPYMIN')  | Lower Y limit of viewport in current NT
   Y2   = $GRAFINFO('VPYMAX')  | Upper Y limit of viewport in current NT
   SEL 0
   Xlx  = ([X2]+[X1])/2
   Xly  = [Y1] - [YDEL]
   Ylx  = [X1] - [XDEL]
   Yly  = ([Y2]+[Y1])/2
   SET TXFP [TFON] ; SET CHHE [TSIZ] ; SET TXAL 20
   SET TANG 0  ; ITX [Xlx] [Xly] [XLBL]
   SET TANG 90 ; ITX [Ylx] [Yly] [YLBL]
   SEL [NT]
 RETURN
 

PAW > zone 2 2 PAW > Nul PAW > exe alabel XLBL=X-Title YLBL=Y-Title

The offset of the labels can be changed (in normalized coordinates) with the parameter XDEL and YDEL.

How to use a COMIS function rather than subroutine in a macro ?

 Appl Comis Quit
       Function Square(x)
       Square = x*x
       End
 Quit

 Do i=1,9
    x = Square( $RSIGMA([i]) )
    Mess Square of [i] is $CALL([x])
 Enddo
 

 PAW > exe test
  Square of 1 is 1
  Square of 2 is 4
  Square of 3 is 9
  Square of 4 is 16
  Square of 5 is 25
  Square of 6 is 36
  Square of 7 is 49
  Square of 8 is 64
  Square of 9 is 81
 

 Appl Comis Quit
       Function Square(x)
       Square = x*x
       End
 Quit
 x = $Rsigma(16)
 Mess Square of [x] is $CALL('square('//[x]//')')
 

  $CALL('fun(args)')  ...... Call a Fortran REAL FUNCTION
  $ICALL('ifun(args)')  .... Call an INTEGER FUNCTION
  $LCALL('lfun(args)')  .... Call a LOGICAL FUNCTION and return 0 or 1
  $DCALL('dfun(args)')  .... Call a DOUBLE PRECISION FUNCTION
 

How to fit a function taking into account errors on both (X and Y) axis ?

Assuming that fitting is done to a straightforward one- dimensional histogram using essentially a minimization of chi2. Then the only complication is that the "error" in each bin, i.e. the error in the difference between the function curve and the bin contents, has an added component due to the fact that x is also not perfectly known. The usual technique is to calculate chi2 as the sum over bins of:

           (n - f)2
        -------------
        dy2 + (f' dx)2
 

The expression above is easy to calculate, since as you are looping over bins, you can remember the value of f from the previous bin and use that to estimate f'. Just watch out at both ends!

If the chi2 is calculated as indicated above and the approximations are valid, then all the other features of MINUIT (calculation of parameter errors, error matrix, contours, etc.) will automatically take account correctly of the errors in x and y.

Fred James

How to use COMIS in a FORTRAN program ?

File main.f:

        program main
        common/pawc/paw(100000)
        character*80 chfile
        integer csaddr
        call hlimit(100000)
        call csinit(2000)
 *-* file names are given like /xx/yy/file.f
 *-* the subroutine name is assumed to be file
    1   print *,' Give the name of the COMIS file to be executed'
        read (5,'(A)')chfile
        nch=lenocc(chfile)
        islash=index(chfile,'/')
 *-* search for / and .
        if(nch.gt.0)then
           idot=index(chfile,'.')
           if(idot.eq.0)go to 1
           ifirst=1
           do 10 i=idot-1,1,-1
              if(chfile(i:i).eq.'/')then
                 ifirst=i+1
                 go to 20
              endif
   10      continue
   20      continue
           call cltou(chfile)
 *-* compile file
           call csexec('!FILE '//chfile(1:nch),iret)
           if(iret.ne.0)go to 1
 *-* get subroutine address
           iad=csaddr(chfile(ifirst:idot-1))
 *-* execute routine
           call csjcal(iad,0,p,p,p,p,p,p,p,p,p,p)
           go to 1
        endif
        end
 

       subroutine test
 *-* stupid sum
       sum=0
       do i=1,1000
          sum=sum+i
       enddo
       print *,' SUM=',sum
       end
 

How to redefine the scale and redraw axis on the current plot ?

Example:

SET * ; OPT * | Reset the defaults Nul 0 1 0 1 | draw an empty frame with axis Set ndvy 5 | Change number of Y divisions Nul 0 10 0 10 ABS | Redefine the scales Ticks XR 5 ! | Axis in the new coordinates

In a program, how to access histograms produced by an other process ?

       Program hserver
 *
       Call Hlimap(10000,'TEST')
 *
       Call Hbook1(1,'test1',100,-3.,3.,0.)
 *
       Call Hcopy(1,2,'test2')
       Call Hcopy(1,3,'test3')
 *
       Do i=1,100000000
          call rannor(a,b)
          call hf1(1,a,1.)
          call hf1(2,b,1.)
          call hf1(3,a**2+b**2,1.)
          if(mod(i,100000).eq.0)print *,' hserver in loop index ',i
       Enddo
 *
       End
 

 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <math.h>
 #include <cfortran.h>
 #include <hbook.h>

 #define PAWC_SIZE 10000

 typedef struct { float PAW[PAWC_SIZE]; } PAWC_DEF;
 #define PAWC COMMON_BLOCK(PAWC,pawc)
 COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(PAWC_DEF,PAWC);
 PAWC_DEF PAWC;
 #define X11 1


 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
    int   i;
    float a, b;

    HLIMAP(PAWC_SIZE, "TEST");

    HBOOK1(1,"test1",100,-3.,3.,0.);
    HCOPY(1,2,"test2");
    HCOPY(1,3,"test3");

    for (i=0;;i++) {
      a=6.*((float)random())/(float)RAND_MAX-3.;
      a=log(a*a);
      b=6.*((float)random())/(float)RAND_MAX-3.;
      b=log(b*b);
      HF1(1,a,1.);
      HF1(2,b,1.);
      HF1(3,a*a+b*b,1.0);
      if (!(i % 100000)) printf("\nloop index i=%d", i);
    }

    return 0;
 }
 

 $ hserver
  GLOBAL MEMORY CREATED, offset from LQ = 235337934
   hserver in loop index  100000
   hserver in loop index  200000
   hserver in loop index  300000
   hserver in loop index  400000
   hserver in loop index  500000
   hserver in loop index  600000
   hserver in loop index  700000
              .
              .
              .
 

While the histograms producer program is running, it is possible to access the histograms in tow ways:

1. With PAW:
   
   In PAW one should use the command GLOBAL_SECT to "see" shared memory:

    PAW > GLOBAL_SECT TEST
    PAW > H/PL 1
    PAW > H/PL 1 U
    

   
2. With a user program:

   Fortran version

   C version

   Program hreader * Character*80 name Common /PAWC/ A(10000) * Call Hlimit(10000) Call Hlimap(0,'TEST') * Call Hrin(1,9999,0) Call Hgive(1,name,nx,xmi,xma,ny,ymi,yma,nwt,loc) Print*, name,nx,xmi,xma * End

   #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <cfortran.h> #include <hbook.h> #define PAWC_SIZE 10000 typedef struct { float PAW[PAWC_SIZE]; } PAWC_DEF; #define PAWC COMMON_BLOCK(PAWC,pawc) COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(PAWC_DEF,PAWC); PAWC_DEF PAWC; #define X11 1 int main(int argc, char **argv) { char fln[256]; int record_size=1024, success=0; char name[80]; int nx,ny,nwt,loc; float xmi, xma, ymi, yma, res; HLIMIT(PAWC_SIZE); HLIMAP(0,"TEST"); HRIN(1,9999,0); HGIVE(histo,name,nx,xmi,xma,ny,ymi,yma,nwt,loc); printf("\n>>%d: %s, %d", histo, name, nx); return 0; }

   
   Running this program while hserver is running gives:

    $ hreader
     test1
     100 -3.  3.
    $
    

   With HBOOK version older than 4.27/01 be careful to put the shared memory name in a character variable.

The following example shows the how to make a very simple histogram presenter:

       Program hploter
 *
       Common /PAWC/ A(10000)
 *
       Call Hlimit(10000)
       Call Hlimap(0,'TEST')
       Call Hplint(1)
 *
       Call Hplzon(2,2,1,' ')
 *
       Call Plot('K')
       Do i=1, 100
          Write(6,*) ' to continue'
          Read(5,*)
          Call Plot('U')
       enddo
 *
       Call Hplend
       End

       Subroutine Plot(Chopt)
       Character*(*) Chopt
       Call Hrin(1,9999,0)
       Call Hrin(2,9999,0)
       Call Hrin(3,9999,0)
       Call Hplot(1,Chopt,' ',0)
       Call Hplot(2,Chopt,' ',0)
       Call Hplot(3,Chopt,' ',0)
       Call Igterm
       Call Hdelet(1)
       Call Hdelet(2)
       Call Hdelet(3)
       End
 

PostScript metafile type.

                                  -[Format][Nx][Ny][Type]
 

• Format : Is an integer between 0 and 99 defining the page format. Example:
  Format = 3 the paper is in the standard A3 format.
  Format = n (1<n<98) is an An format.
  Format = 4 and Format=0 are the same and define an A4 page.
  The A0 format is selected by Format=99.
  The US format Letter is selected by Format = 100.
  The US format Legal is selected by Format = 200.
  The US format Ledger is selected by Format = 300.
  
  
• Nx, Ny : Specify respectively the number of zones on the x and y axis. Nx and Ny are integers between 1 and 9.
  
  
• Type : Can be equal to:
• 1 : Portrait mode with a small margin at the bottom of the page.
• 2 : Landscape mode with a small margin at the bottom of the page.
• 4 : Portrait mode with a large margin at the bottom of the page.
• 5 : Landscape mode with a large margin at the bottom of the page.
  The large margin is useful for some PostScript printers (very often for the colour printers) as they need more space to grip the paper for mechanical reasons. Note that some PostScript colour printers can also use the so called special A4 format permitting the full usage of the A4 area; in this case larger margins are not necessary and Type=1 or 2 can be used.
• 3 : Encapsulated PostScript. This Type permits the generation of files which can be included in other documents, for example in LaTeX files. Note that with this Type, Nx and Ny must always be equal to 1, and Format has no meaning. Therefore the metafile type for Encapsulated PostScript is -113. For example if the name of an Encapsulated PostScript file is example.eps, the inclusion of this file into a LaTeX file will be possible via (in the LaTeX file):

              \begin{figure}
              \includegraphics{example.eps}
              \caption{Example of Encapsulated PostScript in LaTeX.}
              \label{EXAMPLE}
              \end{figure}

You may also want to clip the Encapsulated PostScript when you include it in a Latex file using something like:

              \begin{center}
              \fbox{\includegraphics[bb=100 100 200 200, clip=]{example.eps}}
              \end{center}

And you will not get what you expect ie. the image will not be clipped. The problem comes from the fact that in order to always have a clean and exact clipping in the PostScript file produced by HIGZ, the clipping mechanism provided by PostScript itself is used. The HIGZ "clipping" it is not only the clipping at the image boundary but the all the clipping on the various zones (Normalisation transformation). This works fine and that way one always get a very good clipping even on complicated shapes, texts, polygons with patterns etc ... BUT, that doesn't fit very well in Encapsulated PostScript files. In the PostScript description manual it is even mentioned that using clipping operator is not recommended in Encapsulated PostScript files. Most of the time it doesn't create any problems because in most cases one wants to see the whole plot. Only a in few cases that can be a problem. To bypass this, it is enough to save the following line in a file (clipeps for instance):

 cat $1 | sed -e "s/systemdict begin initclip end//" > $2
 

and do:

 $ clipeps example.eps example2.eps
 

the file example2.eps will be properly clipped by the Latex directive given before.

To illustrate the PostScript metafile type usage we will use the following macro, converted into PostScript files with various PostScript metafile types.

              Macro Test
              set *fon -60
              v/create x1(10) r 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
              v/create x2(10) r 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
              v/create x3(10) r 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 2 3
              v/create x4(10) r 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4
              set htyp 354 ; v/draw x1
              set htyp 345 ; v/draw x2
              set htyp 390 ; v/draw x3
              set htyp 344 ; v/draw x4
              return
 

              PAW > FORTRAN/FILE 65 paw.ps
              PAW > METAFILE 65 metafile_type
              PAW > EXEC TEST
              PAW > CLOSE 65
 

• metafile_type = -111 .......... Portrait A4
• metafile_type = -112 .......... Landscape A4
• metafile_type = -113 .......... Encapsulated PostScript
• metafile_type = -100111 ....... Portrait Letter
• metafile_type = -200111 ....... Portrait Legal
• metafile_type = -300111 ....... Portrait Ledger
• metafile_type = -141 .......... Portrait A4 4x1
• metafile_type = -221 .......... Portrait A4 2x2
• metafile_type = -411 .......... Portrait A4 4x1

How to call CERN Library from C or C++ ?

• A CERNLIB FAQ
• A GSI page .

How to compute the Sum, Integral and the Mean Value of a given histogram between two channels ?

 Macro Integral 1=0 2=0 3=0
 *
 *       This Macro computes the Sum, Integral and the Mean Value of a given
 *       histogram between two channels. The input format should be:
 *       `inte ID CH_low CH_high', where `inte' is the alias to execute
 *       this kumac file, ID is the histogram id number, CH_low and
 *       CH_high are low and high channel numbers. All three numbers
 *       MUST be positive integers.     - Yingchao Zhang
 *
 *       Modified by :  Olivier Couet       (15th September 1994)
 *
    Trace off
    If $VEXIST(Out)<>0 Then
       V/Del Out
    Endif
    V/Create Out(3)
 *
 Application Comis Quit
         Subroutine Integral(Id,Nl,Nh)
         Character*80 Chtitl
         Vector Out
         Call Hgive(Id,Chtitl,Nx,Xmi,Xma,0,Ymi,Yma,Nwt,Loc)
         If(Nl.Le.0) Nl=1
         If(Nh.Ge.Nx) Nh=Nx
         S = (Xma-Xmi)/Float(Nx)
         W = 0.0
         Y = 0.0
         Z = 0.0
         Do I = Nl,Nh
          X = Xmi + (Float(I)-0.5)*S
          Y = Y   + Hx(Id,X)
          W = W   + Hx(Id,X)*X
         EndDo
         Z      = Y*S
         W      = W/Y
         Out(1) = Y
         Out(2) = Z
         Out(3) = W
         End
 Quit
 *
 *   Check the input parameter
 *
    Id = [1]
    Nl = [2]
    Nh = [3]
    If [Id] = 0 Then
       Read Id 'Histogram identifier'
    Endif
    If [Nl] = 0 Then
       Read Nl 'First channel'
    Endif
    If [Nh] = 0 Then
       Read Nh 'Last channel'
    Endif
 *
 *   PLot the histogram and compute the integral
 *
    If $HEXIST([Id])=0 Then
       Hrin [Id]
    Endif
    Histo/Plot [Id]([Nl]:[Nh])
    Call Integral([Id],[Nl],[Nh])
    Y = Out(1)
    Z = Out(2)
    W = Out(3)
    Exec Rt 0.025 0.95 'Sum = '//[Y]
    Exec Rt 0.025 0.90 'Integral = '//[Z]
    Exec Rt 0.025 0.85 'Mean = '//[W]
    V/Del Out
 *
 Return

 Macro rt 1=0. 2=0. 3=' ' 4=.3
 *
    X1 = $GRAFINFO('WNXMIN')
    X2 = $GRAFINFO('WNXMAX')
    Y1 = $GRAFINFO('WNYMIN')
    Y2 = $GRAFINFO('WNYMAX')
    X  = ([X2]-[X1])*[1]+[X1]
    Y  = ([Y2]-[Y1])*[2]+[Y1]
    Set CHHE [4]
    Set TXAL 3
    Itx [X] [Y] [3]
 *
 Return
 

Why SET and IGSET ?

All the IGSET options are also available in SET. It is strongly recommended to use only SET to avoid mistakes.

How to fit a histogram with another one ?

           HI/FIT 1 fff.f ! 1 par
 

 macro f
 v/del *; h/del *
 zone 1 3
 vector/create xx(10) r 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
 vector/draw xx 1
 sigma yy=3*xx
 vector/draw yy 2
 vector/create par(1) r 1.
 histogram/fit 1 fff.f ! 1 par
 

       function fff(x)
       common /pawpar/ par(1)
       y=hx(2,x)
       call hfind(1,' ')
       fff=y*par(1)
       end
 

PAW > exe f ********************************************** * * * Function minimization by SUBROUTINE HFITH * * Variable-metric method * * ID = 1 CHOPT = * * * ********************************************** Convergence when estimated distance to minimum (EDM) .LT. 0.10E+01 FCN= 0.1500666E-11 FROM MIGRAD STATUS=CONVERGED 12 CALLS 13 TOTAL EDM= 0.30E-11 STRATEGY= 1 ERROR MATRIX ACCURATE EXT PARAMETER STEP FIRST NO. NAME VALUE ERROR SIZE DERIVATIVE 1 P1 0.33333 0.60858E-01 0.23809E-02 -0.40413E-04 CHISQUARE = 0.1667E-12 NPFIT = 10

How to draw a 3D scatter plot with vectors ?

 SIGMA X=array(1000,1#10)
 SIGMA Y=sin(X)*X
 SIGMA Z=sin(X*X)*X
 call dvect.f(x,y,z)
 

       Subroutine Dvect(X,Y,Z)
       Real X(1000)
       Real Y(1000)
       Real Z(1000)
       Xmin = X(1)
       Xmax = X(1)
       Ymin = Y(1)
       Ymax = Y(1)
       Zmin = Z(1)
       Zmax = Z(1)
       Do i=2,1000
          If (X(i).Lt.Xmin) Xmin=X(i)
          If (X(i).Gt.Xmax) Xmax=X(i)
          If (Y(i).Lt.Ymin) Ymin=Y(i)
          If (Y(i).Gt.Ymax) Ymax=Y(i)
          If (Z(i).Lt.Zmin) Zmin=Z(i)
          If (Z(i).Gt.Zmax) Zmax=Z(i)
       Enddo
       Call Hplfr3(Xmin,Xmax,Ymin,Ymax,Zmin,Zmax,30.,30.,'FWB')
       Call Ipm3(1000,X,Y,Z)
       End
 

How to retrieve histogram information in macro ?

     $HINFO(id,'ENTRIES')  ........  Number of entries
     $HINFO(id,'MEAN')  ...........  Mean value
     $HINFO(id,'RMS')  ............  Standard deviation
     $HINFO(id,'EVENTS')  .........  Number of equivalent events
     $HINFO(id,'OVERFLOW')  .......  Content of overflow channel
     $HINFO(id,'UNDERFLOW')  ......  Content of underflow channel
     $HINFO(id,'MIN')  ............  Minimum bin content
     $HINFO(id,'MAX')  ............  Maximum bin content
     $HINFO(id,'SUM')  ............  Total histogram content
     $HINFO(id,'NSLIX')  ..........  Number of X slices
     $HINFO(id,'NSLIY')  ..........  Number of Y slices
     $HINFO(id,'NBANX')  ..........  Number of X bands
     $HINFO(id,'NBANY')  ..........  Number of Y bands
     $HINFO(id,'NPROX')  ..........  Projection X (0 or 1)
     $HINFO(id,'NPROY')  ..........  Projection Y (0 or 1)
     $HINFO(id,'XBINS')  ..........  Number of bins in X direction
     $HINFO(id,'XMIN')  ...........  Lower histogram limit in X direction
     $HINFO(id,'XMAX')  ...........  Upper histogram limit in X direction
     $HINFO(id,'YBINS')  ..........  Number of bins in Y direction
     $HINFO(id,'YMIN')  ...........  Lower histogram limit in Y direction
     $HINFO(id,'YMAX')  ...........  Upper histogram limit in Y direction
 

 PAW > MESSAGE $HINFO(10,'ENTRIES')
 

List of the available line styles.

 SET * ; OPT * ; ZONE 2 2 ; OPT GRID ; SET GRID 12
 nul 0 1
 set basl 0.001
 nul 0 1
 set dash 0.2
 nul 0 1
 set dash 0.5
 nul 0 1
 

How to create a Column Wise NTuple (CWN) ?

The following important points should be noticed:

1. The ntuple variables must be declared in a common block in the same order they are declared in the Hbname call.
2. The common block address should be passed to Hbname via the first common block's variable.
3. If some variables are variable size arrays, the common block corresponding variables should be dimensioned to a maximal value.
4. If the ntuple contains some Character variables, a special common block containing only Character variables must be declared and Hbnamc should be called in place of Hbname, because in Fortran Character variables cannot be mixed with other variables in a common block.

       Program CWN
 *
       Common /Pawc/ H(100000)
       Parameter (Nmax = 100)
       Common /CWN/  N,X(Nmax),Y(Nmax),Z(Nmax)
 *.___________________________________________
 *
       Call Hlimit(100000)
 *
       Call Hropen(1,'CWN','cwn.hbook','N',1024,Istat)
       If (Istat.Ne.0) Then
          Print*, 'Error in opening file ...'
          Stop
       Endif
 *
       Call Hbnt(1,'CWN',' ')
       Call Hbname(1,'Block1',N,'N[0,100], X(N), Y(N), Z(N)')
 *
       Do N=1,Nmax
          Do I=1,N
             X(N) = N*N
             Y(N) = N*N*N
             Z(N) = SIN(X(N))
          EndDo
          Call HFNT(1)
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrout(0,Icycle,' ')
       Call Hrend('CWN')
 *
       end
 

How to duplicate an Ntuple with some selections ?

With Row Wise Ntuples

          Macro DUPRWN
          Close 0
          Hi/File 1 hrztest.hbook
          Hi/File 2 hrztest_new.hbook ! N
          Nt/Dup //lun1/30 2
         *
          Application Comis Quit
               Real Function Dup
               Include ?
               If (x.gt.0..and.y.gt.0.) call hfn(2,x)
               dup=1.
               end
          Quit
         *
          nt/loop //lun1/30 dup
         *
          cd //lun2   |<------------------- For PAW version 2.07 only (see here)
         *
          hrout 2
         *
         * Verification: the 2 plots should be the same.
         *
          Option STAT
          Zone 1 2
          Nt/plot //lun1/30.x x.gt.0..and.y.gt.0.
          Nt/plot //lun2/2.x
 

With Column Wise Ntuples

          Macro DUPCWN1
         *
          Close 0                      | Close all the currently opened file
          H/file 1 hcwn.hbook          | hcwn.hbook contains the ntuple to be duplicated
          Hrin 1
          Uwfunc //lun1/1 hcwn.inc     | Copy the Ntuple structure into hcwn.inc
          H/file 2 hcwn_new.hbook ! N  | Create a new hbook file
          Nt/Dup //lun1/1 11           | Duplicate the ntuple 1 in the ntuple 11
         *
         * Comis routine which Loop on all events of Id1 and select some events to be
         * written in the new ntuple Id2.
         *
          Application COMIS quit
               Subroutine ntdup(Id1,Id2)
               Include 'hcwn.inc'
               Call Hnoent(Id1,Noent)
               Do Ievent=1,Noent
                  Call Hcdir('//LUN1',' ')
                  Call Hgnt(Id1,Ievent,Ierr)
                  If (Ierr.ne.0) Goto 20
                  If (Vx.Gt.0..Or.Vy.Gt.0.) Then
                     Call Hcdir('//LUN2',' ')
                     Call Hfnt(Id2)
                  Endif
               Enddo
           20  Continue
         *
               End
          Quit
         *
          Call Ntdup(1,11)             | Execute the routine Ntdup
          Hrout 11                     | Write Id2 on disk
         *
         * Verification: the 2 plots should be the same.
         *
          Option STAT
          Zone 1 2
          Nt/plot //lun1/1.vx vx.gt.0..or.vy.gt.0
          Nt/plot //lun2/11.vx
         *
         Return
 

         Macro DUPCWN2
         *
          Close 0                      | Close all the currently opened file
          H/file 1 hcwn.hbook          | hcwn.hbook contains the ntuple to be duplicated
          Hrin 1                       | Load the ntuple 1 in memory
          Uwfunc //lun1/1 hcwn.inc     | Copy the Ntuple structure into hcwn.inc
          H/file 2 hcwn_new.hbook ! N  | Create a new hbook file
         *
         Application COMIS quit
               Subroutine ntdup(Id1,Id2)
               include 'hcwn.inc'
         *
         * Duplicate structure of ntuple Id1 into Id2
         *
               Call Hntdup(Id1,Id2,-1,' ','A')
         *
         *  Loop on all events of Id1. Select some events to be written
         *  in the new ntuple Id2.
         *
               Call Hnoent(Id1,Noent)
               Do Ievent=1,Noent
                  Call Hcdir('//LUN1',' ')
                  Call Hgnt(Id1,Ievent,Ierr)
                  If (Ierr.Ne.0) Goto 20
                  If (Vx.Gt.0..Or.Vy.Gt.0.) Then
                     Call Hcdir('//LUN2',' ')
                     Call Hfnt(id2)
                  Endif
               Enddo
           20  Call Hrout(Id2,icycle,' ')
         *
               End
         quit
         *
          Call Ntdup(1,11)             | Execute the routine Ntdup
         *
         * Verification: the 2 plots should be the same.
         *
          Option STAT
          Zone 1 2
          Nt/plot //lun1/1.vx vx.gt.0..or.vy.gt.0
          Nt/plot //lun2/11.vx
 

Graphical cuts

        NT/LOOP 1 $1.AND.a.f

       LOGICAL FUNCTION A
            .
            .
       IF (IDNEVT.EQ.0) THEN
          DUMMY = X1
          DUMMY = X2
            .
            .
          DUMMY = XI
            ..
       ENDIF
            .
            .
       END
 

How to generate a PostScript file with the picture currently on the screen ?

 PAW > For/File 66 paw.ps
 PAW > Meta 66 -111
 PAW > Exec My_macro
 PAW > Close  66
 

in your pawlogon.kumac put:

                               OPTION ZFL1
 

                               PICTURE/PRINT PAW.PS
 

Note that the command OPTION * resets all the default options and will also cancel the OPTION ZFL1. So if you want to keep it you will have to do again OPTION ZFL1 each time you do OPTION *.

How to interpret a COMIS file from a compiled f77 program ?

       program main
       common/pawc/paw(100000)
       call hlimit(100000)
       call csinit(2000)
     1 call cspaus('Test')
       go to 1
       end
 

 f77 -o ctest +ppu  ctest.f \
 /cern/pro/lib/libpawlib.a \
 /cern/pro/lib/libpacklib.a \
 /cern/pro/lib/libkernlib.a -ldld -Wl,-E
 

  Cs > !file mytest.f
  Cs > call mytest#
 

Minuit output description.

 PAW > hi/fit 10 g
 

     **********************************************
     *                                            *
     * Function minimization by SUBROUTINE HFITGA *
     * Variable-metric method                     *
     * ID =         10  CHOPT = TU                *
     *                                            *
     **********************************************
  Convergence when estimated distance to minimum (EDM) .LT.  0.10E+01

  FCN=   271.7804     FROM MIGRAD    STATUS=CONVERGED     56 CALLS       57 TOTAL
                      EDM=  0.26E-04    STRATEGY= 1      ERROR MATRIX ACCURATE

   EXT PARAMETER                                   STEP         FIRST
   NO.   NAME        VALUE          ERROR          SIZE      DERIVATIVE
    1   Constant     151.91        2.1465        1.0634      -0.27620E-02
    2   Mean       -0.72353E-02   0.13767E-01   0.80668E-02   0.76994E-01
    3   Sigma        1.1178       0.88523E-02   0.43773E-02  -0.93417

  CHISQUARE = 0.2802E+01  NPFIT =   100
 

• FROM is the name of the subroutine (here MIGRAD) or the last command which found the current minimum or other current values like the error matrix, but does not always have the meaning the user wants.

• EDM is the most important quantity, and is usually meaningful: it is the estimated distance to minimum in function value (chisquare or likelihood), so it is the expected improvement that can still be made in F. After a good fit, it should be very small, like 10E-5 or smaller. If it is 10E-2 or 10E-3, that is a little suspicious. If it is bigger than one, the fit didn't converge completely. If it is bigger than 100, the fit is completely meaningless.

• FCN is the generic name given to the user-written subroutine called from Minuit which calculates the value of the function to be minimised (generic name F) as a function of the user-defined parameters (generic name X). When Minuit is under the control of PAW, the "user", from Minuit's point of view, is PAW, so the FCN is actually supplied by PAW. We speak of "generic names" FCN, F and X because the actual names can be chosen by the user. This allows the user to minimise several different functions in one job, and PAW uses this feature in order to be able to perform different fits (Gaussian, polynomial, etc.) in the same execution.

• STATUS is a character variable inside Minuit which is set after every major calculation (minimization, error calculation, contour plot, etc.) giving the status or reason for termination of the calculation. The values are supposed to have obvious meanings. They can be, for example, "SUCCESSFUL", "CONVERGED", "FAILED", or "NON POS-DEF" (meaning the covariance matrix is not positive-definite, an abnormal condition).

• CALLS and TOTAL give, respectively, the number of times FCN has been called by Minuit since the last command was executed, and the total number of calls since the beginning of the "run" (the last time Minuit itself was called or re-initialised).

• STRATEGY is the current value of a variable which helps Minuit to decide what strategy to use. The default value is 1, and different values can be set or seen with the SET STRAT and SHO STRAT commands. The meanings are explained in the Minuit write-up. Generally, a smaller value (0) means it skips or simplifies certain calculations in order to gain speed, and a higher value (2) is supposed to give greater reliability and less speed.

• ERROR MATRIX is the inverse of the covariance matrix and it is the matrix that is used to calculate the error on any quantity that can be expressed as a function of the basic parameters of the problem, using the well-known formulas known as "propagation of errors". The diagonal elements of the error matrix are the variances (squares of the standard deviations) of the corresponding parameters, and the off-diagonal elements indicate the degree of correlation, positive or negative, between the corresponding pair of parameters. The matrix must be symmetric, so it is customary to print only the diagonal and one-half the off-diagonal elements. At a proper minimum, the error matrix should also be positive-definite, since that is the condition that the function increases in all directions with a positive second derivative. Minuit calculates or estimates the error matrix in several different ways, and indicates when appropriate the accuracy with which it believes it is currently known.

• CHISQUARE is the statistical name of the quantity most commonly calculated by FCN and minimised by Minuit. The other most popular quantity is the Likelihood (or more exactly, the negative log likelihood, since -2 ln L behaves asymptotically like a chisquare). Chisquare (chi2) is the normalized sum of squared deviations between data and a parametrised model of which it is desired to find the best values of the parameters. The sum is usually over histogram bins, and the normalisation is attained by dividing each squared deviation by the square of its standard deviation.

  WARNING: The Chi2 value printed here is in fact not the real Chi2 but is chi2/NDF where NDF is:

   (NBins - NPar) = [number of bins in histogram] - [number of free parameters in the fit]
   

  The graphical display of a fit result with OPTION FIT on, gives a correct label. For backward compatibility reasons it is difficult to change the labelling produced by the HI/FIT printout, because it may break some applications reading this printout.

• STEP SIZE is the size of the last step taken in the previous minimization or derivative calculation. Before any calculations, it is set equal to the starting step size specified by the user. It is not usually of interest, but it can indicate when Minuit is getting lost, if some step sizes become either zero (within rounding error) or enormous.

• FIRST DERIVATIVE is even less interesting in most cases. It is printed because most traditional minimisers stupidly use the size of the first derivatives as a convergence criterion. Traditional programs do this because the first derivatives should all be zero at the minimum, but the condition is stupid because the first derivatives are not scale-invariant, so there is no way to know "how close to zero" they have to be. Sometimes 1 is close to zero, and sometimes 10^-10 is far from zero. That is why Minuit uses instead the EDM (estimated distance to minimum), which is an invariant and is a reliable quantity to judge convergence. And that is why Minuit is the only minimiser in the world that (usually) knows when it has converged.

• ERROR see ERROR MATRIX

How to set plots ranges ?

       H/PLOT 10(1:10)         | Bin numbers (integer range)
       H/PLOT 10(0.5:1.)       | Axis value (floating point range)
       H/PLOT 20(1:10,0.5:1.)  | 2D histos
 

       VECTOR/DRAW X(10:20)
 

       NT/PLOT 1.X 10.le.X.ge.100
 

       NULL X1 X2 Y1 Y2
 

The command RANGE sets the range for FUN/DRAW.

The H/SET/MIN and H/SET/MAX commands set the range of the histograms contents. For a 1D histogram, they set the Y range, for a 2D histogram, the same commands set the Z range.

How to access PAW vectors in a COMIS program ?

 sigma x=array(10,1#10)
 v/li

 application comis quit
       Subroutine Square
       VECTOR x,sqrx(10)
       Do i = 1, 10
          sqrx(i)=x(i)**2
          Write (6,*) 'square of',x(i),sqrx(i)
       Enddo
       End
 quit

 call square
 v/pri x
 v/pri sqrx
 

How to plot a ntuple variable as error bars ?

 appl data nt.dat
 0  1  0.1
 1  2  0.2
 2  3  0.3
 3  4  0.15
 4  5  0.4
 5  5  0.2
 6  4  0.1
 7  3  0.2
 8  2  0.1
 9  1  0.3
 nt.dat
 ntuple/create 1 'Test' 3 ! ! X Y EY
 nt/read 1 nt.dat
 appl comis quit
       REAL FUNCTION A
       REAL
      +X       ,Y       ,EY
 *
       LOGICAL         CHAIN
       CHARACTER*128   CFILE
 *
       COMMON /PAWCHN/ CHAIN, NCHEVT, ICHEVT
       COMMON /PAWCHC/ CFILE
 *
       COMMON/PAWIDN/IDNEVT,OBS(13),
      +X       ,Y       ,EY
 *
       dimension xx(2),yy(2)
 *
       XX(1) = X
       XX(2) = X
       YY(1) = Y-EY
       YY(2) = Y+EY
       CALL IPL(2,XX,YY)
       END
 quit
 set MTYP 20
 nt/plot 1.y%x
 nt/loop 1 A
 

How to draw a function ?

Example:

 PAW > FUN/PLOT sin(x) -3 3
 

It is also possible to fill an histogram with a function with the command FUN1:

 PAW > FUN1 10 sin(x) 100 -3 3
 

2D scatter plots ?

If you do H/PLOT id they are plotted randomly in each cell and the number of points is proportional to the cell content. If you use NT/PLOT id.v1.%v2 they are plotted at their real position.

How much memory should be reserved in the PAWC common block to store a Column Wise Ntuple (CWN) ?

           (BSIZE+250)*N+20000  words
 

The second part is taken by the RZ directory structure which contains the keys that describe where the Ntuple extensions are stored (Ntuple extensions are the column memory buffers which are flushed to disk, each extension has a size of BSIZE words). For each key 6 words are needed. The number of keys needed to store M events is dependent on the column packing factor (the higher the packing factor is, the more events fit in a column buffer) and on the BSIZE (the larger is BSIZE the fewer extensions need to be stored). An upper limit is given by the key quota as specified in HROPEN, via IQUEST(10) (don't forget to include the COMMON/QUEST/IQUEST(100) in the routine where you call HROPEN ). Assume you set IQUEST(10)=65000 (the maximum) you will need at maximum:

           65000*6 = 390000  words
 

           IQUEST(10)*BSIZE*4  bytes
 

           M = IQUEST(10)*BSIZE*packing/N
 

How to call a C program in PAW ?

 PAW > call file.c
 

 #include <stdio.h>
 file_()
 {
   printf("this is a test\n");
 }
 

If you want to pass parameters, you should be careful to declare them as pointers as FORTRAN passes parameters by address and C by value. Example:

 #include <stdio.h>
 file_(int *i)
 {
    int j=*i*100;
    printf("this is a test %d\n",j);
 }
 

 PAW > call file.c(123)
 this is a test 12300
 

In CONTOUR, how to choose associated colours to each level ?.

Example:

 Fun2 2 x*y 40 0 1 40 0 1 ' '
 V/Cr PAR(5) R .1 .11 .3 .31 .5
 Set DMOD 1
 set HCOL 1
 Contour 2 1 2 PAR(1)
 Do i=2,5
    Set HCOl [i]
    Contour 2 1 2S PAR([i])
 Enddo
 

How to access the covariance matrix after a fit operation ?

   Macro Emat
   Histo/fit 110(50:) G
   Application COMIS Quit
         Subroutine Get_Emat
         Parameter (ndim=3)
         Double Precision demat(ndim,ndim)
         Vector Emat(ndim,ndim)
         Call Mnemat(demat,ndim)
         Do i=1,ndim
            Do j=1,ndim
               emat(j,i)=demat(j,i)
            Enddo
         Enddo
         End
   Quit
   Call Get_Emat
   Vector/Print Emat
   Return
 

How to convert a Row Wise Ntuple (RWN) into a Column Wise Ntuple (CWN) ?

       PROGRAM HTONEW
 *
 *      Program to convert old format HBOOK files into new format
 *      New files are by default in RZ Exchange mode
 *      RWN are converted into CWN.
 *
       PARAMETER      (MXBOOK=1000000)
       COMMON/PAWC/    PAW(MXBOOK)
       COMMON/QUEST/   IQUEST(100)
       COMMON/HINFO/LRECL
 *
       CHARACTER*80 FILOUT,FILIN
 *
       EXTERNAL CONVERT
 *
 *===========================================================
 *
       print*, 'Input file ?'
       read*, filin
       print*, 'Output file ?'
       read*, filout
       lo = lenocc(filout)
       li = lenocc(filin)
       nsize = 0
 *
       CALL HLIMIT(MXBOOK)
       CALL HBSET('BSIZE',100,IERR)
 *
 *
    10 CONTINUE
 *
 *-* Create directory //PAWC/OLDF to store old ntuples
       CALL HMDIR('OLDF',' ')
 *-*   Open old file and get record length
 *     LRECL=0  If LRECL=0 does not work,specify LRECL for your file
       LRECL=NSIZE
       CALL HROPEN(1,'OLDF',FILIN,' ',LRECL,ISTAT)
       LRECL=IQUEST(10)
       IF(ISTAT.NE.0) THEN
          WRITE (6,'('' FILE : '',A80,'' CANNOT BE OPENED'')') FILIN(1:
      +   LI)
          GO TO 20
       END IF
 *
 *-*         Create new file
       IQUEST(10) = 64000
       if(lrecl.gt.4096)lrecl=4096
 *     lrecl=4096
       print *,' Creating new file with LRECL=',lrecl,' words'
       CALL HROPEN(2,'NEWF',FILOUT(1:LENOCC(FILOUT)),'QN',LRECL,ISTAT)
       IF(ISTAT.NE.0)                                   THEN
          WRITE (6, '('' FILE : '',A80, '' CANNOT BE CREATED'')')
      +   FILOUT(1:LO)
          GOTO 20
       END IF
 *
 *
 *-*         Convert
       CALL HCDIR('//OLDF',' ')
       CALL RZSCAN (' ', CONVERT)
       CALL HREND ('NEWF')
       CLOSE (2)
       CALL HREND ('OLDF')
       CLOSE (1)
 *
       WRITE (6,'('' Conversion completed'')')
 *
 *         Abnormal end
    20 CONTINUE
 *
       END

       SUBROUTINE CONVERT (CDIR)
 *
       CHARACTER*(*) CDIR
 *

       INTEGER     NWPAW,IXPAWC,IHDIV,IXHIGZ,IXKU,        LMAIN
       REAL                                       FENC   ,      HCV
       COMMON/PAWC/NWPAW,IXPAWC,IHDIV,IXHIGZ,IXKU,FENC(5),LMAIN,HCV(9989)
       INTEGER   IQ        ,LQ
       REAL            Q
       DIMENSION IQ(2),Q(2),LQ(8000)
       EQUIVALENCE (LQ(1),LMAIN),(IQ(1),LQ(9)),(Q(1),IQ(1))
       INTEGER       HVERSN,IHWORK,LHBOOK,LHPLOT,LGTIT,LHWORK,
      +LCDIR,LSDIR,LIDS,LTAB,LCID,LCONT,LSCAT,LPROX,LPROY,LSLIX,
      +LSLIY,LBANX,LBANY,LPRX,LPRY,LFIX,LLID,LR1,LR2,LNAME,LCHAR,LINT,
      +LREAL,LBLOK,LLBLK,LBUFM,LBUF,LTMPM,LTMP,LTMP1,LHDUM   ,LCIDN
       COMMON/HCBOOK/HVERSN,IHWORK,LHBOOK,LHPLOT,LGTIT,LHWORK,
      +LCDIR,LSDIR,LIDS,LTAB,LCID,LCONT,LSCAT,LPROX,LPROY,LSLIX,
      +LSLIY,LBANX,LBANY,LPRX,LPRY,LFIX,LLID,LR1,LR2,LNAME,LCHAR,LINT,
      +LREAL,LBLOK,LLBLK,LBUFM,LBUF,LTMPM,LTMP,LTMP1,LHDUM(10),LCIDN
 *
       INTEGER   KNCX  ,KXMIN  ,KXMAX  ,KBWIDX  ,KMIN  ,KMAX  ,KNORM  ,
      +          KTIT1   ,KNCY  ,KYMIN  ,KYMAX  ,KBWIDY   ,KSCAL2   ,
      +          KTIT2   ,KNBIT  ,KNOENT  ,KSTAT1  ,KNSDIR  ,KNRH  ,
      +          KCON1  ,KCON2  ,KBITS  ,KNTOT
       PARAMETER(KNCX=3,KXMIN=4,KXMAX=5,KBWIDX=6,KMIN=7,KMAX=8,KNORM=9,
      +          KTIT1=10,KNCY=7,KYMIN=8,KYMAX=9,KBWIDY=10,KSCAL2=11,
      +          KTIT2=12,KNBIT=1,KNOENT=2,KSTAT1=3,KNSDIR=5,KNRH=6,
      +          KCON1=9,KCON2=3,KBITS=1,KNTOT=2)
       parameter (kip1=20)
 *
       COMMON/QUEST/   IQUEST(100)
 *
       COMMON/HINFO/LRECL
 *
       CHARACTER*80 TITLE, RDIR
 *
       parameter (nev=1000)
       parameter (nmax=500)
       parameter (nbvmax=40)
       parameter (ntotmax=50000000)
       dimension x(nmax,nev)
       common/event/y(nmax)
       dimension iy(nmax)
       equivalence (y(1),iy(1))
       character*8 tags(nmax),tag1,bname
       character*1300 chform
       character*1 type
       dimension rlow(nmax),rhigh(nmax)
 *
       WRITE (6, '('' Processing directory: '',A)')
      +       CDIR(1:LENOCC(CDIR))
 *
       RDIR      = CDIR
       RDIR(3:6) = 'NEWF'
       JLS = ICFILA ('/', CDIR, 1, LENOCC(CDIR))
       IF (JLS .GT. 2)                                  THEN
          CALL HMDIR (RDIR, ' ')
       END IF
 *
 *-*  Loop on all keys in file (order of creation)
       NKEY = 50000
       DO 80 M = 1, NKEY
          CALL HCDIR (CDIR, ' ')
          CALL RZINK (M, 0, 'S')
          IF (IQUEST(1) .NE. 0) GO TO 999
          IF (JBIT (IQUEST(14),4) .NE. 0) GO TO 80
          IDN = IQUEST(21)
          CALL HRIN(IDN,999,0)
          IF(IQUEST(1).NE.0) THEN
             WRITE (6,'('' NTUPLE OR HISTO '',I10,'' CANNOT BE READ'')')
      +      IDN
             GO TO 90
          END IF
          IF (JBIT (IQ(LCID+KBITS),4) .NE. 0) THEN
 *-*  ntuple
 *-*  First read the specs of old ntuple
             NVAR = NMAX
             CALL HGIVEN(IDN,TITLE,NVAR,TAGS,RLOW,RHIGH)
             call hnoent(idn,noent)
             ntotal=min(ntotmax,noent)
             CALL HDELET(IDN)
 *-*  Change directory to new file. Create new ntuple
 *-*  Put a maximum of NBVMAX variable per block (hbname)
 *-*  Blocks are labelled Block1,Block2,etc.
 *-*  Buffer size per column is set to (nwpaw-100000)/nvar or lrecl-15 words
             nwbuf1=(nwpaw-100000)/nvar
             if(nwbuf1.gt.33000)nwbuf1=33000
             if(nwbuf1.gt.noent)then
                nwbuf=noent+1
             else
                nwmod=mod(nwbuf1,lrecl)
                nwbuf=nwbuf1-nwmod-15
             endif
 **            nwbuf=nwbuf1
 **            if(nwbuf1.gt.lrecl-15)nwbuf=lrecl-15
 **            if(nwbuf1.gt.2*lrecl-15)nwbuf=2*lrecl-15
             if(nwbuf.lt.100)nwbuf=min(noent,nwbuf1)
             call hbset('BSIZE',nwbuf,ierr)
             print *,' Converting ntuple:',idn,' Bsize =',nwbuf,' words'
             call hcdir(rdir,' ')
 *-*  We want to force new ntuple record to start at word 1 of a new record
             lrzcdir=iquest(11)
             iq(lrzcdir+kip1)=lrecl+1
             call rzmods('CONVER',ierr)
             call rzsave
             CALL HBNT(IDN,TITLE,' ')
             chform=' '
             icold=1
             nbn=0
             type='R'
             do 10 i=1,nvar
                tag1=tags(i)
                if(tag1.eq.' ')then
                   write(tag1,30000)i
 30000             format('VAR',I3)
                   if(tag1(4:4).eq.' ')tag1(4:4)='0'
                   if(tag1(5:5).eq.' ')tag1(5:5)='0'
                endif
                nch=lenocc(tag1)
                icnew=icold+nch+2
                chform(icold:icnew)=tag1(1:nch)//':'//type//','
                if(mod(i,nbvmax).eq.0.or.i.eq.nvar)then
                   nbn=nbn+1
                   if     (nbn.ge.  1 .and. nbn.lt.  10) then
                     write(bname,10000)nbn
 10000               format('Block',i1)
                   elseif (nbn.ge. 10 .and. nbn.lt. 100) then
                     write(bname,10001)nbn
 10001               format('Block',i2)
                   elseif (nbn.ge.100 .and. nbn.lt.1000) then
                     write(bname,10002)nbn
 10002               format('Block',i3)
                   else
                     print *, 'CONVERT: In trouble, NBN = ',nbn
                     bname = 'BlockXYZ'
                   endif
                   ibl=(nbn-1)*nbvmax +1
                   call hbname(idn,bname,y(ibl),chform(1:icnew-1))
                   icnew=0
                   chform=' '
                endif
                icold=icnew+1
    10       continue
 *
 *
 *-*   Now loop to fill new ntuple.
 *-*   To avoid changing directory too frequently, buffer NEV events in memory
             do 60 i=1,ntotal,nev
                print *,' Number of events processed= ',i
                call hcdir('//PAWC/OLDF',' ')
                call hcdir(cdir,' ')
                do 20 j=1,nev
                   k=i+j-1
                   if(k.gt.ntotal)go to 30
                   call hgn(idn,nidn,k,x(1,j),ierror)
    20          continue
    30          continue
                call hcdir('//PAWC',' ')
                call hcdir(rdir,' ')
                do 50 j=1,nev
                   k=i+j-1
                   if(k.gt.ntotal)go to 70
                   do 40 l=1,nvar
                      y(l)=x(l,j)
    40             continue
                   call hfnt(idn)
    50          continue
    60       continue
    70       continue
 *-*   save new ntuple header onto file
             call hrout(idn,icycle,' ')
             call hdelet(idn)
             call hcdir('//PAWC/OLDF',' ')
             call hdelet(0)
             call hcdir('//PAWC',' ')
          ELSE
 *-*   Histogram
             call hcdir(rdir,' ')
             call hrout(idn,icycle,' ')
             CALL HDELET(IDN)
          END IF
    80 CONTINUE
       GO TO 999
 *
 *         Abnormal end
    90 CONTINUE
 *
   999 END
 

How to put the result of a vector fit in a vector instead of plotting the result ?

* * Create some vectors * v/del * sigma x = array(100,-1#1) sigma y = x*x+rndm(x)*0.1 sigma ey= array(100,0.1#0.1) v/cr par(3) r 1 1 1 * * Perform the fit * v/fit x y ey p2.f 0 3 par * * Delete the original vectors and create new * vectors to get the fit result * v/del x,y,ey v/cre p2x(100) v/cre p2y(100) * * Function to get the fit result * appl comis quit subroutine getfit vector p2x,p2y x = -1. dx = 2./100. do i=1,100 p2x(i) = x p2y(i) = p2(x) x = x + dx enddo end quit * * Get the fit result and plot it * call getfit graph 100 p2x p2y The function used to do the fit (file p2.f) is: FUNCTION P2(X) COMMON/PAWPAR/PAR(3) P2=PAR(1)*X*X+PAR(2)*X+PAR(3) END

Is there a list of Paw++ resources?

KUIP general internal resources

KUIP browser main resources

Resource name	type	default value	meaning
dirlist*fontList	String	"*-courier-bold-r-normal*-120-*"
kuipBrowser*fileScWindow.width	int	80
kuipBrowser*fileScWindow.bottomOffset	int	52
kuipBrowser*fileScWindow.topOffset	int	59
kuipBrowser*dirScWindow.bottomOffset	int	52
kuipBrowser*dirScWindow.topOffset	int	59
kuipBrowser*separatorGadget1.topPosition	int	50
kuipBrowser_shell.geometry	String	"-0+0" (no graphics) or "+0+485" (graphics)
kuipGraphics_shell.geometry	String	"600x600-0+0"	graphics window geometry

KUIP browser iconbox resources

Resource name	type	default value	meaning
iconBitmap	String	"default_icon"
iconMask	String	"default_mask"
iconSmallBitmap	String	"default_sicon"
iconSmallMask	String	"default_smask"
iconForeground	String	"black" "grey40" in Paw++
iconBackground	String	"white"
iconLabelForeground	String	"black"
iconLabelBackground	String	"white"
iconWidth	Dimension	40
iconHeight	Dimension	40
iconSmallWidth	Dimension	20
iconSmallHeight	Dimension	20
iconHSpacing	int	40
iconVSpacing	int	10
iconSmallHSpacing	int	20
iconSmallVSpacing	int	10
iconNoHSpacing	int	20
iconNoVSpacing	int	10
iconType	int	IconBoxBIG_ICON	possible values: IconBoxSMALL_ICON, IconBoxNO_ICON
shadowOffset	int	3
columns	int	5
shadowColor	String	"gray50"
fontList	String	"fixed"
zoomEffect	Boolean	True
zoomSpeed	int	10
doubleClickInterval	int	250

PAW specific resources

Resource name	type	default value	meaning
autorefresh	Boolean	True
echokuip	Boolean	False
doublebuffer	Boolean	True
samezone	Boolean	False
hbookfile	String	hbook	default file extension for HBOOK files.
histoStyle_shell.geometry	String	"+670+635"	histogram style panel geometry.
dirlist*dir*iconForeground	String	"blue"
dirlist*1d*iconForeground	String	"DarkGoldenrod3"
dirlist*2d*iconForeground	String	"DeepPink3"
dirlist*ntuple*iconForeground	String	"SteelBlue3"
dirlist*pict*iconForeground	String	"green4"
dirlist*chain*iconForeground	String	"blue"
dirlist*entry*iconForeground	String	"OrangeRed"
dirlist*Cmd*iconForeground	String	"cyan4"
dirlist*Menu*iconForeground	String	"blue"
dirlist*MacFile*iconForeground	String	"OliveDrab4"
dirlist*hbook*iconForeground	String	"red"
dirlist*piafhb*iconForeground	String	"red"
dirlist*iconLabelForeground	String	"white"
dirlist*iconLabelBackground	String	"black"
dirlist*fontList	String	"*-courier-bold-r-normal-*-120-*"
XmText*fontList	String
XmTextField*fontList	String
kxtermTextFont	String
helpFont	String
fontList	String
kxtermFont	String
keyboardFocusPolicy	String	"pointer"	other value: "explicit"
doubleClickInterval	int	400

PAW specific resources regarding Kxterm

For setting all the Kxterm built-in resources for an application "Appl" (e.g. "Paw++") one has to prefix the application class name with "Kx". E.g.:

 KxAppl*background:      white
 

 KxPaw++*background:     white
 

How to remove the axis and the histogram box ?

The following setting are necessary:

To remove the axis:

  Set XTIC 0.001
  Set YTIC 0.001
  Set XVAL 1000
  Set YVAL 1000
 

  color 9 1 1 1
  Set BCOL 9
 

Text output in PAW: alignment

1. With the command TEXT, only the horizontal alignment can be changed via the last parameter (CHOPT) of the command:
   • L Text is Left justified.
   • C Text is Centred.
   • R Text is Right justified.

   Example:

           SET * ; NULL 0 10 0 10                                  | Draw a frame
           TEXT 5 1 'Left justified' .5 0. L
           TEXT 5 2 'Centred' .5 0. C
           TEXT 5 3 'Right justified' .5 0. R
    

2. With the command ITX, SET TXAL should be used to customise the text alignment. The syntax is:

            SET TXAL 10*i+j
    

   where i indicates the horizontal alignment (0,1: left; 2: center; 3: right) and j the vertical alignment (0: bottom; 1 or 2: top; 3:center) as describe on the following picture.
   

How to pass a character string from a COMIS program to a macro and vice versa ?

       subroutine ac
       character*16 filename
       character*80 line
       filename='data.hbook'
       line = 'global/create filename '''//filename//''''
       call kuexel(line)
       end
 

    PAW > call ac.f
    PAW > mess [filename]
     data.hbook
 

 macro quote
 a = $quote('String test')

 appl comis quit
       subroutine test(c)
       character*(*) c
       print*, c
       end
 quit

 call test([a])
 

 PAW > exe quote
  String test
 

How to get the output of NT/SCAN into a file ?

          PAW > output_lp 66 scan.dat
          PAW > nt/san 10
          PAW > close 66
 

How to create, fill and plot a projection of a 2D histogram ?

   histo/create/proy 111
   histo/project 111
   histo/plot 111.proy
 

Important Remark:

When the projections are filled, the filling routine for 1D histogram is called for each projected bin of the 2D histogram. So the number of entries for each projection is equal to the total number of bins in the 2D histogram. It is meaningless.

How to move the STATistics box ?

How the parameter RMS is defined and calculated ?

• The RMS is simply the square root of the variance.

• The variance is calculated as the mean of the squares minus the square of the mean.

• The mean X value of the histogram is the sum over all bins of X*W (where X is the abscissa value and W the contents of the bin), divided by the sum of all W.

• The mean of the squares is the sum over all bins of X*X*W, divided by the sum of all W.

Normalisation Transformations priorities and PostScript output.

    Macro test
    null 0 10 0 10 'ab'
    igset txal 23
    igset chhe 0.5
    igset txfp -130
    igset fais 1
    igset fasi 0
    igset faci 2
    box 2 8 5 7
    itx 5 6 'Example of text'
    return


 PAW > Exec test         | with opt zfl1 in pawlogon.kumac
 PAW > pi/print paw.ps
 

  1)
        PAW > for/file 66 paw.ps ; meta 66 -111
        PAW > exec test
        PAW > close 66

  2)
        PAW > exec test     | with opt zfl1 in pawlogon.kumac
        PAW > exe print
 

       macro print
       for/file 66 paw.ps ; meta 66 -111
       sel 1 ; izpict ' ' d
       close 66
 

Why does PAW crash when trying to open a big NTUPLE file ?

You must recreate your ntuple as a disk resident one (see the FAQ "How to create a disk resident Row Wise Ntuple").

How to plot a histogram in green with a black border ?

  SET HCOL 1103
  H/PLOT 10
 

Example:

                    +---- 1 The Histogram is filled
                    |     0 Only the border is drawn
                    |+--- Border color (here 1) if the histogram is filled
                    ||++- Inside color (here 3) if the histogram is filled
                    ||||  Border color if the histogram is not filled
                    ||||
                    VVVV
           SET HCOL 1103.
 

Is there a way to output the contents of the MESSAGE command to a file instead of to the terminal ?

Before PAW version 2.08/09

       subroutine mess(lun,chmess)
       character*(*) chmess
       write (lun,'(a)') chmess
       end
 

as follow:

 PAW > output 22 a.dat
 PAW > call mess.f(22,'hello')
 

 a=$quote(hello)
 output 22 a.dat
 call mess.f(22,[a])
 

Since PAW version 2.08/09

How to write a text independently from the histogram coordinates ?

       SELNT 1              | Select the centimeters
       TEXT 1 1 'Hello' .3
 

How to define several Y-Scales on the same plot ?

Nul 0 1 0 1 | Produce the first plot Nul 0 1 0 10 AS | Refine the Y scale on the current plot Tic XR 0.25 ! | Draw a vertical axis at the X position 0.25 Nul 0 1 0 100 AS Tic XR 0.5 ! Nul 0 1 0 1000 AS Tic XR 0.75 ! Nul 0 1 0 10000 AS Tic XR 1.00 !

How to suppress the X or Y labels on the axis ?

 PAW > Set YVAL 999   | suppress the X labels
 PAW > Set XVAL 999   | suppress the Y labels
 

Why "EXTERNAL" doesn't work in COMIS routines ?

  application comis quit
        function func(x)
        func=1.
        end

        subroutine funtest
        external func
        call hbfun1(10,'TEST hrndm1    ',100,0.,3.14,func)
        End
  quit
  call funtest
 

To solve this problem, dynamic loading should be used i.e. put funtest and func in the file funtest.f and do:

 call funtest.f77
 

Note that all the CERNLIB functions (for example HFITH, HFITV etc ...) using EXTERNAL will have the same problem when they are used via COMIS.

How to recover in two different vectors the X and Y values of a 2D histogram ?

 Macro getxy
 Hrin [1]
 Nx=$hinfo([1],'xbins')
 Ny=$hinfo([1],'ybins')
 V/cre x([Nx])
 V/cre y([Ny])
 Application Comis Quit
       subroutine getxy(id)
       vector x,y
       character*80 title
       call hgive(id,title,nx,xmin,xmax,ny,ymin,ymax,nwt,iad)
       dx=(xmax-xmin)/float(nx)
       dy=(ymax-ymin)/float(ny)
       do i=1,nx
         x(i)=xmin+dx*float(i-1)
       enddo
       do i=1,ny
         y(i)=ymin+dy*float(i-1)
       enddo
       end
 Quit
 Call getxy([1])
 Return
 

  PAW > exe getxy 4
  PAW > v/pri x ; v/pri y
 

How to create a disk resident Row Wise Ntuple (RWN) ?

The following HBOOK batch program create a disk resident RWN. A direct access HBOOK file should be opened before the creation of the Ntuple. The name of the top directory created by HROPEN is given to HBOOKN. The file is used to flush the memory buffer on disk when necessary.

 
       Program Ntuple
 *
       Parameter (Memory_Size         = 50000)
       Parameter (Number_of_Events    = 100000)
       Parameter (Number_of_Variables = 27)
 *
       Common /Pawc/ H(Memory_Size)
       Dimension   Event(Number_of_Variables)
       Character*8 Chtags(Number_of_Variables)
       Data Chtags /'A1','A2','A3','A4','A5','A6','A7','A8','A9',
      +             'B1','B2','B3','B4','B5','B6','B7','B8','B9',
      +             'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6','C7','C8','C9'/
 *.___________________________________________
 *
       Call Hlimit(Memory_Size)
 *
       Call Hropen(1,'EXAMPLE','example.hbook','N',1024,Istat)
       If (Istat.Ne.0) Then
          Print*, 'Error in opening file ...'
          Stop
       Endif
 *
       Call Hbookn(10,'Ntuple example',27,'EXAMPLE',9000,Chtags)
 *
       Do 10 I=1,Number_of_Events
          Do 20 J=1,Number_of_Variables
             Event(j) = Sqrt(Float(i))*Float(j)
  20      Continue
          Call Hfn(10,Event)
  10   Continue
 *
       Call Hrout(0,Icycle,' ')
       Call Hrend('EXAMPLE')
 *
       End
 
 

It is also possible to create a such Ntuple in PAW:

     PAW > HI/FILE 1 example.hbook ! N
     PAW > NT/CREATE 10 'Ntuple example' 1 //LUN1 ! A1 ...
     PAW > NT/READ ...
 

How to draw contours graphically in MINUIT ?

 zone 2 2
 V/cr x(10) r 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
 V/dr x 1
 V/cr par(3) r 1 2 3
 Application HMINUIT exit
 Migrad
 Minos
 Show cov
 Show err
 Mnc 1 2 C
 Exit
 Hi/Fit 1 G M 3 par
 

Normal PAW commands can be executed inside Application HMINUIT if they are prefixed with a + sign. For example to save the vectors XFIT and YFIT for later use, you can include the two following lines inside the Application HMINUIT:

 +v/copy xfit xfit1
 +v/copy yfit yfit1
 

Offsetting superimposed histograms

       Macro offset_example
       *
       Appl Sigma Quit
       x =array(20,0#3)
       y1=sin(x)
       y2=sin(x*x)
       y3=sin(x+0.2)
       Quit
       *
       Option BAR
       set BARW 0.33
       set BARO 0
       set HCOL 1102 ; v/draw y1
       set BARO 0.33
       set HCOL 1103 ; v/draw y2 chopt=s
       set BARO 0.66
       set HCOL 1104 ; v/draw y3 chopt=s
       *
       Return
 

How to change the histogram title drawn by H/PLOT ?

PAW > opt utit PAW > title 'New title' U PAW > h/pl 10

How to specify a good buffer size for RW-Ntuples ?

When using HBOOK, I find that my jobs tend to crash with ZEBRA dumps if I try to create a large ntuple. All it does is to create and fill a large (80 MB) ntuple. In this job, the buffer size given in the call to HBOOKN, is specified by the parameter LBUF. If I run the job with:

1. LBUF=25000, then it runs successfully and takes only 20 seconds CPU.
2. LBUF=3500, then it still runs, but is much slower, taking 90 seconds CPU.
3. LBUF=3000, then it crashes with a ZEBRA dump.

When a Row-Wise-Ntuple is created, HBOOK keeps in memory a directory with a key and a pointer corresponding to each logical record (ntuple buffer) written to the disk file. If a buffer size of NPRIME words (parameter in HBOOKN) is declared, this buffer can accommodate up to NEBUF=NPRIME/Ncolumns entries. When the buffer is full after NEBUF events, it is written to the file and one entry is added to the directory in memory. Each entry requires 7 words.

Workstation type ?

Workstation type (?=HELP) =1 :

Just typing CR will set the default value.The default value depends on the PAW installation.

Typing ? will give a short help listing all the different possible workstation types.

Any other answer will be interpreted as a workstation type.

The X11 version of PAW

The X11 version of PAW (pawX11) accept also workstation types like: n or n.hostname where n (an integer between 1 and 10) is the line number in the file higz_windows.dat and hostname is the name of the machine on which the graphics will be displayed.

1. If a workstation type like n.hostname is entered, the hostname is written at the end of the line n in higz_windows.dat.
2. If the workstation type n is entered and if a hostname is present on the line n in higz_windows.dat, the graphics will be redirected to the machine hostname.
3. If the workstation type n is entered and if a hostname is not on the line n in higz_windows.dat, the graphics will be redirected to the machine defined by the variable DISPLAY like for any X11 application.
4. If the workstation type n. is entered and if a hostname is present on the line n in higz_windows.dat, the graphics will be redirected to the machine defined by the variable DISPLAY and hostname is removed from the line n in higz_windows.dat.

Remark: In the file higz_windows.dat, it is possible to specify the name of the window just after the hostname.

  0000 0000 0600 0600 hphigz.cern.ch PAW window
  0600 0000 0300 0300
  0000 0000 0600 0600
  0000 0000 0600 0600
  0000 0000 0600 0600
  0000 0000 0600 0600
  0000 0000 0600 0600
  0000 0000 0600 0600
  0000 0000 0600 0600
  0000 0000 0600 0600
 

How to fit a projection of a 2D histogram ?

 PAW> HISTO/FIT 1.PROX G
 

 PAW> HISTO/COPY 1.PROX 2
 PAW> HISTO/FIT 2 G
 

How to read two Column Wise Ntuples (CWN) simultaneously ?

       Program Read_Two_Ntuples
 *
       Parameter (Nhmax = 100000)
       Common /Pawc/ Hmemor(Nhmax)
       Common /P1/   A,B,C
       Common /P2/   D,E,F
 *
       Call Hlimit(Nhmax)
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Create and fill the Ntuple 1
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'P1','p1.hbook','N',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hbnt(1,'Test','D')
       Call Hbname(1,'P1',A,'A,B,C')
 *
       Do I=1,10
          A = Float(I)
          B = Float(10*I)
          C = Float(100*I)
          Call Hfnt(1)
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrout(0,IC,'')
       Call Hrend('P1')
       Close(10)
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Create and fill the Ntuple 2
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'P2','p2.hbook','N',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hbnt(2,'Test','D')
       Call Hbname(2,'P2',D,'D,E,F')
 *
       Do I=1,100
          D = Float(1000*I)
          E = Float(10000*I)
          F = Float(100000*I)
          Call Hfnt(2)
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrout(0,IC,'')
       Call Hrend('P2')
       Close(10)
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Reset the common blocks
 *
       Do I=1,10
          A = 0.
          B = 0.
          C = 0.
          D = 0.
          E = 0.
          F = 0.
       EndDo
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Read the two Ntuples in two loops.
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'P1','p1.hbook','U',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hrin   (1,9999,0)
       Call Hbname (1,' ',0,'$CLEAR')
       Call Hbname (1,'P1',A,'$SET')
       Call Hnoent (1,Noent1)
 *
       Call Hropen(20,'P2','p2.hbook','U',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hrin   (2,9999,0)
       Call Hbname (2,' ',0,'$CLEAR')
       Call Hbname (2,'P2',D,'$SET')
       Call Hnoent (2,Noent2)
 *
       Do I=1,Noent1
         Call Hcdir('//P1',' ')
         Call Hgnt(1,I,Ierr)
         print*, 'Ntuple 1: I = ',I,' A = ',A,' B = ',B,' C = ', C
         JStart = (I-1)*10+1
         JEnd   = JStart+9
         Do J=JStart,JEnd
           Call Hcdir('//P2',' ')
           Call Hgnt(2,I,Ierr)
           print*, '   Ntuple 2: J = ',J,' D = ',D,' E = ',E,' F = ', F
         EndDo
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrend('P1')
       Call Hrend('P2')
       Close(10)
       Close(20)
 *
       End
 

       Program Read_Two_Ntuples
 *
       Parameter (Nhmax = 100000)
       Common /Pawc/ Hmemor(Nhmax)
       Common /P1/   A,B,C
       Common /P2/   D,E,F
 *
       Call Hlimit(Nhmax)
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Create and fill the Ntuple 1
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'NTUPLES','ntuples.hbook','N',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hbnt(1,'Test','D')
       Call Hbname(1,'P1',A,'A,B,C')
 *
       Do I=1,10
          A = Float(I)
          B = Float(10*I)
          C = Float(100*I)
          Call Hfnt(1)
       EndDo
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Create and fill the Ntuple 2
 *
       Call Hbnt(2,'Test','D')
       Call Hbname(2,'P2',D,'D,E,F')
 *
       Do I=1,100
          D = Float(1000*I)
          E = Float(10000*I)
          F = Float(100000*I)
          Call Hfnt(2)
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrout(0,IC,'')
       Call Hrend('NTUPLES')
       Close(10)
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Reset the common blocks
 *
       Do I=1,10
          A = 0.
          B = 0.
          C = 0.
          D = 0.
          E = 0.
          F = 0.
       EndDo
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Read the two Ntuples in two loops.
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'NTUPLES','ntuples.hbook','U',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hrin   (1,9999,0)
       Call Hbname (1,' ',0,'$CLEAR')
       Call Hbname (1,'P1',A,'$SET')
       Call Hnoent (1,Noent1)
 *
       Call Hrin   (2,9999,0)
       Call Hbname (2,' ',0,'$CLEAR')
       Call Hbname (2,'P2',D,'$SET')
       Call Hnoent (2,Noent2)
 *
       Do I=1,Noent1
         Call Hgnt(1,I,Ierr)
         print*, 'Ntuple 1: I = ',I,' A = ',A,' B = ',B,' C = ', C
         JStart = (I-1)*10+1
         JEnd   = JStart+9
         Do J=JStart,JEnd
           Call Hgnt(2,I,Ierr)
           print*, '   Ntuple 2: J = ',J,' D = ',D,' E = ',E,' F = ', F
         EndDo
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrend('NTUPLES')
       Close(10)
 *
       End
 

 PAW > hi/file 1 p1.hbook
 PAW > uwfunc 1 r1.f
 PAW > hi/file 2 p2.hbook
 PAW > uwfunc 2 r2.f 

     REAL FUNCTION r1()
 *********************************************************
 *                                                       *
 * This file was generated by HUWFUN.                    *
 *                                                       *
 *********************************************************
 *
 *     Ntuple Id:      1
 *     Ntuple Title:   Test
 *     Creation:       26/07/1999 11.23.40
 *
 *********************************************************
 *
       LOGICAL         CHAIN
       CHARACTER*128   CFILE
       INTEGER         IDNEVT,NCHEVT,ICHEVT
       REAL            OBS(13)
 *
       COMMON /PAWIDN/ IDNEVT,OBS
       COMMON /PAWCHN/ CHAIN, NCHEVT, ICHEVT
       COMMON /PAWCHC/ CFILE
 *
 *--   Ntuple Variable Declarations
 *
       REAL A,B,C
 *
       COMMON /PAWCR4/ A,B,C
 * 
       REAL D,E,F
 *
       COMMON /NT2/ D,E,F
 *
       if (idnevt.eq.1) then
          Call Hbname (2,' ',0,'$CLEAR')
          Call Hbname (2,'P2',D,'$SET')
          Call Hnoent (2,Noent2)
       Endif
 *
       print*, 'Ntuple 1: A = ',A,' B = ',B,' C = ', C
       Call Hcdir('//LUN2',' ')
       Call Hgnt(2,idnevt,Ierr)
       print*, 'Ntuple 2: D = ',D,' E = ',E,' F = ', F
 
 *
       END
 

 PAW > hrin 2
 PAW > cd //lun1
 PAW > nt/loop 1 r1.f
 

 Ntuple 1: A =   1.000000     B =   10.00000     C =   100.0000
 Ntuple 2: D =   1000.000     E =   10000.00     F =   100000.0
 Ntuple 1: A =   2.000000     B =   20.00000     C =   200.0000
 Ntuple 2: D =   2000.000     E =   20000.00     F =   200000.0
 Ntuple 1: A =   3.000000     B =   30.00000     C =   300.0000
 Ntuple 2: D =   3000.000     E =   30000.00     F =   300000.0
 Ntuple 1: A =   4.000000     B =   40.00000     C =   400.0000
 Ntuple 2: D =   4000.000     E =   40000.00     F =   400000.0
 Ntuple 1: A =   5.000000     B =   50.00000     C =   500.0000
 Ntuple 2: D =   5000.000     E =   50000.00     F =   500000.0
 Ntuple 1: A =   6.000000     B =   60.00000     C =   600.0000
 Ntuple 2: D =   6000.000     E =   60000.00     F =   600000.0
 Ntuple 1: A =   7.000000     B =   70.00000     C =   700.0000
 Ntuple 2: D =   7000.000     E =   70000.00     F =   700000.0
 Ntuple 1: A =   8.000000     B =   80.00000     C =   800.0000
 Ntuple 2: D =   8000.000     E =   80000.00     F =   800000.0
 Ntuple 1: A =   9.000000     B =   90.00000     C =   900.0000
 Ntuple 2: D =   9000.000     E =   90000.00     F =   900000.0
 Ntuple 1: A =   10.00000     B =   100.0000     C =   1000.000
 Ntuple 2: D =   10000.00     E =   100000.0     F =   1000000.
 

Is there an intrinsic limit on the number of permitted cuts ?

Before PAW version 2.07 you can get the error message:

  ***** ERROR in PECRIT : OVERFLOW IN ICODE STACK :
 

Example:

 *
 * create a mask file named mymask.mask for ntuple up to 20000 events
 * change the number if necessary
 *

 mask mymask n 20000

 nt/cuts $1 -
 nt/cuts $2 -
 nt/cuts $3 -
 nt/cuts $3 (x=1.).or.(x=2.).or.(x=3.).or.(x=4.).or.(x=5.)
 nt/cuts $2 (x=1.).or.(x=2.).or.(x=7.).or.(x=8.)

 n/loop 5000 $3>>mymask(1)
 n/loop 5000 $2>>mymask(2)

 nt/cuts $1 mymask(1).and.mymask(2)

 n/loop 5000 $1>>mymask(3)

 *
 * The final cut should not give an overflow anymore.
 *
 nt/plot 1.x $1.and.$1.and.$1.and.$1.and.$1
 

Minuit options setting.

How to fill a vector element by element in a macro ?

 do i=1,10
    fun1 [i] x*x 100 0 [i]
 enddo
 *
 v/create mean(10)
 do i=1,10
    m = $hinfo([i],'MEAN')
    v/input mean([i]) [m]
 enddo
 v/print mean
 

H/PLOT option '+' with multiple zones and related points ...

With one Zone you can do:

       PAW > H/PL 10
       PAW > H/PL 11 +
 

       PAW > ZONE 2 2
       PAW > H/PL 10 K
       PAW > H/PL 11 +
 

       set * ; opt * ; h/del *
       zone 2 2
       v/create x(10) r 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
       v/create y(10) r 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
       v/draw x 1 ;  v/draw y 2
       set htyp 245
       h/pl 1 k   ;  set htyp 254 ; h/pl 2 +
       h/pl 2 k   ;  set htyp 245 ; h/pl 1 +
 

A given histogram can be kept only once per page. If you keep the same histograms several time the first one is retain. You can see this effect by keeping twice the histogram 1 in the previous example:

       set * ; opt * ; h/del *
       zone 2 2
       v/create x(10) r 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
       v/create y(10) r 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
       v/draw x 1 ;  v/draw y 2
       set htyp 245
       h/pl 1 k   ;  set htyp 254 ; h/pl 2 +
       h/pl 1 k   ;  set htyp 245 ; h/pl 1 +
 

I cannot open HBOOK files which contains upper case letters ?

1. In PAW put the command:

    FILECASE KEEP
    

   in your pawlogon.kumac file.

2. In a batch HBOOK program use the option 'P' in HROPEN.

Axis labelling optimisation in logarithmic scales.

Example:

                  PAW > opt logy
                  PAW > nul 1 2 1 1000000
 

                  PAW > opt logy
                  PAW > set ndvy 3
                  PAW > nul 1 2 1 1000000
 

How to control the polygon filling ?

        PAW > SET FAIS n
 

 n = 0  The polygon is drawn in hollow mode
 n = 1  The polygon is drawn in solid mode
 n = 3  Hatch mode.
 

        PAW > SET FASI m
 

Note that in hollow and hatch mode, the border of the box can be drawn if the attribute BORD is set to 1.

Example:

       Nul 0 10 0 10
       Set FAIS 0
       Box 1 3 1 3
       Set FAIS 1
       Box 1 3 3 5
       Set FAIS 3
       Set FASI 245
       Box 1 3 5 7
       Set FASI 3
       Box 3 5 5 7
       Set BORD 1
       Set FASI 4
       Box 5 7 5 7
 

Type of the UWFUNC generated function (Since version 2.07)

By default, the command UWFUNC generate function of type REAL. This type is not always the right one. For example in an expression like

          PAW > nt/loop select.f.and.$1
 

The solutions are:

• Convert select.f to the right type:

            PAW > nt/loop bool(select.f).and.$1
   

• Build a logical expression with select.f

            PAW > nt/loop (select.f.ne.0).and.$1
   

• Edit select.f and make it a LOGICAL function. In that case the following command will work:

            PAW > nt/loop select.f.and.$1
   

 /NTUPLE/LOOP: Warning: boolean '.AND.' converted to '*' for backward compatibility
 

More informations on the new ntuple query processor are available here.

Weights in profile histograms.

Negative weights yield meaningless results.

When weights different from 1. are used, the errors are calculated properly only for bins with non-zero spread, and set to 0. for bins with zero spread.

Errors for the CHOPT='I' option are calculated in the same way (as those for the 'S' option.)

How to use the command LINE in LOG scales ?

A macro to move a histogram (2d) in a larger one

Try:

          PAW > EXE MOVE ?
          PAW > FUN2 101 SIN(X)*COS(Y) 40 -1.57 1.57 40 -1.57 1.57
          PAW > EXEC MOVE 101 102 -3.24 3.24 -3.24 3.24
 

 MACRO MOVE
 *
 * This macro will take a 2-d histograms and move it into a bigger
 * histogram. Movement will be done with vectors.
 *
 * This is provided as a starting basis and doesn't cover all cases.
 *
 * Robert C. Welsh Univ of Michigan Physics Dept.
 * Feb 1995
 *

 IF [1] .EQ. '?' THEN
   MESSAGE
   MESSAGE This macro will move a 2d histogram with some limits into a new one
   MESSAGE Usage:
   MESSAGE   MOVE [HIST#] [NEW HIST#] [XMinNew] [XMaxNew] [YMinNew] [YMaxNew]
   MESSAGE
   EXITM
 ENDIF

 HIST1 = [1]
 HIST2 = [2]

 XMNNEW = [3]
 XMXNEW = [4]
 YMNNEW = [5]
 YMXNEW = [6]

 XMIN  = $HINFO([HIST1],'XMIN')
 XMAX  = $HINFO([HIST1],'XMAX')
 YMIN  = $HINFO([HIST1],'YMIN')
 YMAX  = $HINFO([HIST1],'YMAX')

 NXOLD = $HINFO([HIST1],'XBINS')
 NYOLD = $HINFO([HIST1],'YBINS')

 DX    = $RSIGMA(([XMAX]-[XMIN])/[NXOLD])
 DY    = $RSIGMA(([YMAX]-[YMIN])/[NYOLD])

 NXNEW = $SIGMA(INT( ([XMXNEW] - [XMNNEW])/[DX]))
 NYNEW = $SIGMA(INT( ([YMXNEW] - [YMNNEW])/[DY]))

 V/CREATE TMP1([NXOLD],[NYOLD])
 V/CREATE TMP2([NXNEW],[NYNEW])

 TITLE = $HTITLE([HIST1])

 IF $HEXIST([HIST2]).NE.0 THEN
   MESSAGE You are overwriting a preexisting histogram!
   H/DEL [HIST2]
 ENDIF

 2D [HIST2] [TITLE] [NXNEW] [XMNNEW] [XMXNEW] [NYNEW] [YMNNEW] [YMXNEW]

 GET/CONT [HIST1] TMP1

 I1 = $SIGMA(INT(([NXNEW]-[NXOLD])/2))-1
 I2 = $SIGMA(INT(([NYNEW]-[NYOLD])/2))

 IX = 0
 IY = 1

 DO IX=1,[NXOLD]
   I1 = [I1] + 1
   V/COPY TMP1(1:,[IX]) TMP2([I2]:,[I1])
 ENDDO

 PUT/CONT [HIST2] TMP2
 V/DEL TMP1,TMP2

 RETURN
 

MINUIT precision.

1. Minuit is supplying parameter values and expecting function values all in double precision, so it will get complete garbage if the precisions don't match, and

2. the arithmetic precision actually needed in order to calculate second derivatives of the user's function and perform other calculations during minimization and error analysis, is greater than that attained with single precision, so most fits just won't work in single precision.

Note that the user's data do not have to be in double precision, but anything that is a function of the free parameters must be in double precision with respect to the parameters. The data can be in single precision because it doesn't change during the fit.

Can I enlarge the fonts in the color table ?

     zone 1 1
     For/file 66 paw.ps ; meta 66 -331
     h/pl 1 colz
     h/pl 2 colz
     h/pl 3 colz
     ....
     close 66
 

How many arguments can have a UWFUNC generated function ?

Before the version 2.07 of PAW

More arguments seems to work but "by chance" only. Passing more arguments may have unpredictable effects.

Since the version 2.07 of PAW

For more details see the specifications of the new query processor

How to get informations about Column Wise Ntuple (CWN) columns ?

 SUBROUTINE HNTVAR(ID1,IVAR,CHTAG,BLOCK,NSUB,ITYPE,ISIZE,IELEM)
 

How to make aligned subscripts and superscripts in the command TEXT ?

         TEXT 10 10 'A^b&!?c!' 0.4 0. 'C'
 

Histogram hatch style in a PostScript file?

I draw a histogram as follows:

   set hcol 4
   set htyp -4
   h/pl 100
 

The -4 hatching type is not supported on PS. Try instead:

   set htyp 254
 

How to access ntuple variables by numbers since version 2.07 ?

 nt/plot 1.10 

       Macro plot_nt_nevt
       Hrin [1]
 Application COMIS quit
       integer function ntnum(id,i)
       parameter (maxvar=100)
       character*80 chtitl,line
       character*80 chtag(maxvar)
       dimension rlow(maxvar),rhigh(maxvar)
       nvar=maxvar
       call hgiven(id,chtitl,nvar,chtag,rlow,rhigh)
       if(i.gt.nvar)then
          ntnum=1
          print*, 'Variable number requested > NVAR (',nvar,')'
       else
          ntnum=0
          line = 'global/create varname '//chtag(i)
          call kuexel(line)
       endif
       end
 quit
       Ierr=$ICALL('ntnum('//[1]//','//[2]//')')
       If [Ierr]=0 Then
          nt/plot [1].[varname]
       Endif
       Return
 

The following example plot the variable number 3 of the ntuple number 10.

 PAW > exec plot_nt_nevt 10 3
 

More informations on the new ntuple query processor are available here.

HMERGE and histograms in memory

 PAW > HMERGE OUT1 IN1 IN2
 PAW > HMERGE OUT2 IN3 IN4
 

HFITHN and HFITGA ..

I used both HFITHN and HFITGA routines to fit a Gaussian, for instance:

  CALL HFITHN(1017,'G',' ',3,PAR,STEP,PMIN,PMAX,SIGPAR,CHI2)

  CALL HFITGA(1017,C,AV,SD,CHI2,IC,SIG)
 

To avoid the problem encountered here, the initial values of the parameters should not be equal to zero. For example, do something like:

       dimension par(3),step(3),pmin(3),pmax(3)
       par(1) = 1.
       par(2) = 1.
       par(3) = 1.
       CALL HFITHN(10,'G',' ',3,PAR,STEP,PMIN,PMAX,SIGPAR,CHI2)
 

UWFUNC COMMON blocks description.

In addition to these "Ntuple COMMON blocks" some other COMMON block variables are also available. Namely:

       COMMON /PAWIDN/ IDNEVT,OBS
       COMMON /PAWCHN/ CHAIN, NCHEVT, ICHEVT
       COMMON /PAWCHC/ CFILE
 

• IDNEVT: is the current event number. If the ntuple used is in a chain, it goes from 1 to the total number of events in the chain.
• OBS: obsolete. Kept for backward compatibility.
• CHAIN: is a logical variable which is .TRUE. if the ntuple used is in a chain.
• NCHEVT: is the total number of events in the chain if the ntuple used is in a chain, 0 otherwise.
• ICHEVT: is the current event number in the current file scanned if the ntuple used is in a chain.
• CFILE: is the name of the current file scanned if the ntuple used is in a chain.

How to plot a 2-dim histogram with projections, with the Y-projection rotated by 90 degrees ?

Example:

 fun2 2 abs(sin(x)/x*cos(y)*y) 40 -12 12 40 -12 12 ' '
 exec proxy 2
 

 Macro proxy
 Id=[1]
 opt grid
 prox [Id]
 proy [Id]
 h/pro [Id]
 *
 set ywin 0.0001
 set xwin 0.0001
 set yval 999 ; set yhti 999
 *
 set grid 2003
 zone 2 2
 h/pl [Id].prox
 *
 set grid 3
 zone 2 2 3 s
 set yhti ; set yval
 h/pl [Id] col
 set yhti 999
 *
 set grid 1003
 set xval 999
 nb = $HINFO([Id],'YBINS')
 v/create x([nb])
 v/create y([nb])
 h/copy [Id].proy 22
 xmax = 1.1*$HINFO(22,'MAX')
 ymin = $HINFO(22,'XMIN')
 ymax = $HINFO(22,'XMAX')
 null $HINFO(22,'MIN') [xmax] [ymin] [ymax]
 get/cont 22 y
 get/abs 22 x
 nn = [nb]-2
 v/inp x [ymin] [ymax] [nn]*0
 his [nb] y x  rh
 *
 set xwin ; set ywin; set xval
 zone 2 2 2 s
 h/pl [id] surf
 return
 

How to merge several Column Wise Ntuple (CWN) with some selection ?

Macro CWN_Merge
 *
 * Close all the open files
 *
 Close 0
 *
 * Define the lists of file
 *
 Nb       = ...           | Number of files
 name1    = ...
 name2    = ...
 name3    = ...
      .
      .
      .
 name[nb] = ...
 *
 * Define the selection function
 *
 IdN1 = ...                | Ntuple identifier in the input file
 IdN2 = ...                | Ntuple identifier in the output file
 H/file 1 [name1]
 hrin [IdN1]
 Uwfunc [IdN1] source.inc
 Application COMIS quit
       Subroutine ntdup(Id1,Id2)
       Include 'source.inc'
       Call Hnoent(Id1,Noent)
       Noent = min(Noent,100)
       Do Ievent=1,Noent
          Call Hgnt(Id1,Ievent,Ierr)
          If (Ierr.ne.0) Goto 20
          If ( ... ) Call Hfnt(Id2)
       Enddo
       Return
  20   write(*,*)'error ',ierr,'in ',ievent
       End
 Quit
 close 1
 *
 * Create the files with selection
 *
 FilesChain = ' '
 Do i=1,[Nb]
    H/file 1 [name[i]]
    hrin [IdN1]
    NewFile = new[i].hbook
    H/file 2 [NewFile] ! N
    Nt/Dup //lun1/[IdN1] [IdN2]
    Call Ntdup([IdN1],[IdN2])
    Hrout [IdN2]
    close 1
    close 2
    FilesChain = [FilesChain]//' '//[NewFile]
 Enddo
 *
 * Merge all the new files in only one
 *
 Hmerge new.hbook $UNQUOTE([FilesChain])

Customizing Emacs for "kumac" files.

 ; General stuff specific to all versions
 (setq search-repeat-char 10)
 (setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("\\.h\\'" . c++-mode) auto-mode-alist))
 (setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("\\.INC\\'" . fortran-mode) auto-mode-alist))
 (setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("\\.inc\\'" . fortran-mode) auto-mode-alist))
 (setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("\\.tex\\'" . latex-mode) auto-mode-alist))
 (setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("\\.kumac\\'" . kumac-mode) auto-mode-alist))

 (require 'font-lock)
 (add-hook 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook	'turn-on-font-lock)
 (add-hook 'lisp-mode-hook	'turn-on-font-lock)
 (add-hook 'fortran-mode-hook   'turn-on-font-lock)
 (add-hook 'kumac-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)

 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook		'turn-on-font-lock)
 (add-hook 'c++-mode-hook		'turn-on-font-lock)
 (add-hook 'perl-mode-hook	'turn-on-font-lock)
 (add-hook 'tex-mode-hook		'turn-on-font-lock)
 (add-hook 'texinfo-mode-hook	'turn-on-font-lock)
 (add-hook 'dired-mode-hook	'turn-on-font-lock)

 ;; Non-Lucid version specific options (i.e. if on a vt100 etc...)
 ;;
 (cond
  ((not (eq window-system 'x))
   (global-set-key "\C-A" 'isearch-forward)
   (global-set-key "\C-X\C-J" 'save-buffer))
 )

 (setq fortran-continuation-string "+")
 (setq comment-start "*")
 (setq adaptive-fill-mode nil)

 (setq load-path (cons (expand-file-name "~/emacs") load-path))
 (load "kumac-mode")
 

How to retrieve the bin which contains the maximum value of a 1D histogram ?

       function maxbin(id)
       character*80 chtitl
       call hgive(id,chtitl,nx,xmin,xmax,ny,ymin,ymax,nwt,idb)
       w = hi(id,1)
       maxbin = 1
       do i=2,nx
          w2 = hi(id,i)
          if (w2.gt.w) then
             w = w2
             maxbin = i
          endif
       enddo
       end
 

 PAW >  message $ICALL('maxbin.f(110)')
 

How to copy a column of a Ntuple into a VECTOR ?

Before PAW version 2.07

    PAW > Hi/file 2 rwn_aptuple.hbook
    PAW > Nt/Loop 10.age copy.f
 

       REAL FUNCTION COPY(XDUMMY)
       REAL
      +CATEGORY,DIVISION,FLAG    ,AGE     ,SERVICE ,CHILDREN,
      +GRADE   ,STEP    ,NATION  ,HRWEEK  ,COST
       COMMON/PAWIDN/IDNEVT,VIDN1,VIDN2,VIDN3,VIDN(10),
      +CATEGORY,DIVISION,FLAG    ,AGE     ,SERVICE ,CHILDREN,
      +GRADE   ,STEP    ,NATION  ,HRWEEK  ,COST
 *
       VECTOR X(3354)
       X(IDNEVT)=VIDN1
       END
 

Since PAW version 2.07

    PAW > Hi/file 2 rwn_aptuple.hbook
    PAW > Nt/Loop 10 copy.f(age)
 

       REAL FUNCTION COPY(V)
       REAL
      +CATEGORY,DIVISION,FLAG    ,AGE     ,SERVICE ,CHILDREN,
      +GRADE   ,STEP    ,NATION  ,HRWEEK  ,COST
       COMMON/PAWIDN/IDNEVT,OBS(13)
      +CATEGORY,DIVISION,FLAG    ,AGE     ,SERVICE ,CHILDREN,
      +GRADE   ,STEP    ,NATION  ,HRWEEK  ,COST
 *
       VECTOR X(3354)
       X(IDNEVT)=V
       END
 

Emacs style editing in PAW++

 Paw++*XmText.translations: #override \n\
    Ctrl b:            backward-character()\n\
    Alt b:             backward-word()\n\
    Meta b:            backward-word()\n\
    Shift Alt b:       backward-word(extend)\n\
    Shift Meta b:      backward-word(extend)\n\
    Alt [:             backward-paragraph()\n\
    Meta [:            backward-paragraph()\n\
    Shift Alt [:       backward-paragraph(extend)\n\
    Shift Meta [:      backward-paragraph(extend)\n\
    Alt <:             beginning-of-file()\n\
    Meta <:            beginning-of-file()\n\
    Ctrl a:            beginning-of-line()\n\
    Shift Ctrl a:      beginning-of-line(extend)\n\
    Ctrl osfInsert:    copy-clipboard()\n\
    Shift osfDelete:   cut-clipboard()\n\
    Shift osfInsert:   paste-clipboard()\n\
    Alt >:             end-of-file()\n\
    Meta >:            end-of-file()\n\
    Ctrl e:            end-of-line()\n\
    Shift Ctrl e:      end-of-line(extend)\n\
    Ctrl f:            forward-character()\n\
    Alt ]:             forward-paragraph()\n\
    Meta ]:            forward-paragraph()\n\
    Shift Alt ]:       forward-paragraph(extend)\n\
    Shift Meta ]:      forward-paragraph(extend)\n\
    Ctrl Alt f:        forward-word()\n\
    Ctrl Meta f:       forward-word()\n\
    Ctrl d:            kill-next-character()\n\
    Alt BackSpace:     kill-previous-word()\n\
    Meta BackSpace:    kill-previous-word()\n\
    Ctrl w:            key-select() kill-selection()\n\
    Ctrl y:            unkill()\n\
    Ctrl k:            kill-to-end-of-line()\n\
    Ctrl u:            beginning-of-line() kill-to-end-of-line()\n\
    Alt Delete:        kill-to-start-of-line()\n\
    Meta Delete:       kill-to-start-of-line()\n\
    Ctrl o:            newline-and-backup()\n\
    Ctrl j:            newline-and-indent()\n\
    Ctrl n:            next-line() \n\
    Ctrl osfLeft:      page-left()\n\
    Ctrl osfRight:     page-right()\n\
    Ctrl p:            previous-line() \n\
    Ctrl g:            process-cancel()\n\
    Ctrl l:            redraw-display()\n\
    Ctrl osfDown:      next-page()\n\
    Ctrl osfUp:        previous-page()\n\
    osfDown:           next-line() \n\
    osfUp:             previous-line() \n\
    Ctrl space:        set-anchor()

 Paw++*XmTextField.translations: #override \n\
    Ctrl b:            backward-character()\n\
    Alt b:             backward-word()\n\
    Meta b:            backward-word()\n\
    Shift Alt b:       backward-word(extend)\n\
    Shift Meta b:      backward-word(extend)\n\
    Ctrl a:            beginning-of-line()\n\
    Shift Ctrl a:      beginning-of-line(extend)\n\
    Ctrl osfInsert:    copy-clipboard()\n\
    Shift osfDelete:   cut-clipboard()\n\
    Shift osfInsert:   paste-clipboard()\n\
    Ctrl e:            end-of-line()\n\
    Shift Ctrl e:      end-of-line(extend)\n\
    Ctrl f:            forward-character()\n\
    Ctrl Alt f:        forward-word()\n\
    Ctrl Meta f:       forward-word()\n\
    Ctrl u:            beginning-of-line() delete-to-end-of-line()\n\
    Ctrl osfLeft:      page-left()\n\
    Ctrl osfRight:     page-right()\n\
    Ctrl g:            process-cancel()\n\
    Ctrl space:        set-anchor()
 

RZOUT: Directory too big ....

 RZOUT: Directory too big: previous cycle(s) deleted, KEY(1)=     501
 RZOUT: Directory too big: previous cycle(s) deleted, KEY(1)=     502
 RZOUT: Directory too big: previous cycle(s) deleted, KEY(1)=     503
 

When nTuples are being created, the underlying memory manager Zebra must occasionally write a new directory record so that the nTuple can be accessed correctly after it is closed. For large nTuples it can happen that the space remaining in the direct access nTuple file is insufficient to create the new directory entry. In this case, the warning/error message you mention is received, and Zebra deletes a previous cycle of the directory to gain space. The new cycle is then written.

Is it possible to define a new command in PAW at run-time ?

Example

 >Name welcomedef

 >Menu /KUIP
 >Command welcome
 >Parameters
 +
 CHOPT 'Options' C D='E'
 -E      English version
 -F      French version
 >Guidance
 Print a "welcome" message.
 Message can be either in English (default) or in French.
 >Action welcome
 

 > kuipc welcomedef.cdf welcomedef.c
 

The following is the corresponding action routine "welcome" in a file welcome.c:

 #include <stdio.h>

 #define R_OK    0
 #define R_ERROR 1


 void welcome_()
 {
      char    mode, *s;
      int     r;

      r = R_OK;

      /* determine mode E (English) or F (French) */

      switch( ku_npar() ) {
      case 0:
              mode = 'E';
              break;
      case 1: /* check */
              s = ku_getc();
              if ( *s == 'E' || *s == 'F' ) {
                      mode = *s;
              } else {
                      printf( "welcome: Illegal option(s).\n" );
                      r = R_ERROR;
              }
              break;
      default:
              printf( "welcome: Illegal option(s).\n" );
              r = R_ERROR;
              break;
      }

      if ( r == R_ERROR ) return;

      if ( mode == 'E' ) {
           printf ("*** Welcome to Paw++ \n\n");
           printf ("    For any kind of help type: \n");
           printf ("    Paw++> help \n");
           printf ("    E.g.:\n");
           printf ("    Paw++> help postscript\n");
      } else {
           printf ("*** Bienvenue dans Paw++ \n\n");
           printf ("    Pour obtenir de l'aide taper:\n\n");
           printf ("    Paw++> help \n");
           printf ("    Par exemple:\n");
           printf ("    Paw++> help postscript\n");
      }
 }
 

We can group the commands you must execute (to make this new command available) in a small KUIP macro (file welcome.kumac):

 Macro welcome
 App COMIS quit
 !file welcome.c
 quit
 CALL welcomedef.c
 

 PAW > exec welcome
 

 PAW > help welcome
 

 Command "/KUIP/welcome" :

  * KUIP/welcome [ CHOPT ]

    CHOPT      C 'Options' D='E'

    Possible CHOPT values are:

     E  English version
     F  French version

    Print a "welcome" message.  Message can be either in English (default) or
    in French.
 

Numbers in macro variables

     A = Hello
 

To access the content of a variable, the operator [] should be used. For example in a macro the command:

     MESSAGE [A]
 

     Hello
 

Variables can be concatenate in the following way:

     A = Hello
     B = world
     C = [A] [B]
     MESSAGE [C]
     C = [A]+[B]
     MESSAGE [C]
 

     Hello world
     Hello+world
 

If the expression on the right side can be evaluated as an arithmetic expression PAW does it. Example:

     A = 1
     B = 2
     C = [A] [B]
     MESSAGE [C]
     C = [A]+[B]
     MESSAGE [C]
 

     1 2
     3
 

     V/CREATE V2(2) R 10 20
     L = 2
     A = $EVAL(V[L](1))
     MESSAGE [A]
 

      10
 

Variables can be used in commands parameters. Example:

     A = 1
     FUN/PLOT X+[A] 0 1
 

But be careful that A may contains any character string and you may get any expression. For example the following commands

     A = -1
     FUN/PLOT X+[A] 0 1
 

     FUN/PLOT X+-1 0 1
 

  CS-TR-ERR: routine _002, line    0
  FUNCTION _002(X,Y,Z) _002=X+ ^ -1#
   syntax error
 

     A = -1
     FUN/PLOT X+([A]) 1 0 1
 

     FUN/PLOT X+(-1) 0 1
 

How to retrieve all the commands that went into producing a plot ?

How to redraw the axis of current zone when they have been erased by some extra drawing ?

    Macro Redraw-Axis
    X1 = $GRAFINFO('WNXMIN')
    X2 = $GRAFINFO('WNXMAX')
    Y1 = $GRAFINFO('WNYMIN')
    Y2 = $GRAFINFO('WNYMAX')
    IS = $GRAFINFO('?FAIS')
    IC = $GRAFINFO('?FACI')
    Set FAIS 0 ; Set FACI 1
    Box [X1] [X2] [Y1] [Y2]
    Set FAIS [IS] ; Set FACI [IC]
    Tick XL [X1] !
    Tick YB ! [Y1]
    Return
 

       PAW > Exe Redraw-Axis
 

How to access the current status of minimization after a fit operation ?

• FMIN: the best function value found so far
• FEDM: the estimated vertical distance remaining to minimum
• ERRDEF: the value of UP defining parameter uncertainties
• NPARI: the number of currently variable parameters
• NPARX: the highest (external) parameter number defined by user
• ISTAT: a status integer indicating how good is the covariance matrix:
  • 0= not calculated at all
  • 1= approximation only, not accurate
  • 2= full matrix, but forced positive-definite
  • 3= full accurate covariance matrix

   Macro Mnstat
   Histo/fit 110(50:) G
   Application COMIS Quit
         Subroutine Get_Stat
         Vector Stat(6)
         Double Precision Fmin,Fedm,Errdef
         Call Mnstat(Fmin,Fedm,Errdef,Npari,Nparx,Istat)
         Stat(1) = Fmin
         Stat(2) = Fedm
         Stat(3) = Errdef
         Stat(4) = Npari
         Stat(5) = Nparx
         Stat(6) = Istat
         End
   Quit
   Call Get_Stat
   Vector/Print Stat
   Return
 

How to make a cumulative graph of several cut NTUPLEs ?

   PAW > uwfunc 30 test.f
 

   PAW > cut $5 x>0.and.y>0
 

   PAW > Nt/plot 30.x  $5*test.f
 

File test.f

       REAL FUNCTION test(XDUMMY)
       REAL
      +   X    ,   Y    ,   Z
 *
       LOGICAL         CHAIN
       CHARACTER*128   CFILE
 *
       COMMON /PAWCHN/ CHAIN, NCHEVT, ICHEVT
       COMMON /PAWCHC/ CFILE
 *
       COMMON/PAWIDN/IDNEVT,OBS(10),
      +   X    ,   Y    ,   Z
 *
 *-* set weight as a function of the file name
       test=1.
       if(cfile.eq.'test1.hbook')test=0.5
       if(cfile.eq.'test2.hbook')test=0.3
       END
 

  PAW > hist/file 1 1.nt
  PAW > nt/pl 1.e $cuts.and.1  | weight 1
  PAW > close 1
  PAW > hist/file 1 2.nt
  PAW > nt/pl 1.e $cuts.and..75  | weight .75
  PAW > close 1
  PAW > hist/file 1 3.nt
  PAW > nt/pl 1.e $cuts.and..5  | weight .5
  PAW > close 1
 

  PAW > nt/chain nt 1.nt 2.nt 3.nt
  PAW > cd //nt
 

  PAW > nt/pl $cuts.and.[(wt 1 for 1.nt),(wt .75 for 2.nt),(wt .5 for 3.nt)
 

What is wrong with integer vectors ?

How do I change the marker size used in the command "HI/PLOT id E" ?

 PAW > SET MTYP 20
 PAW > SET KSIZ 0.8
 PAW > H/PL 10 E
 

How to attach all the HBOOK files in the current directory ? (UNIX only)

 shell 'ls  *.hbook | sed -e ''s/^/h\/file 0 /'' > junk.kumac'
 exe junk
 shell rm junk.kumac
 

How to list histograms with limits on the IDs ?

 Macro hl
 Output_lp 66 junk
 H/Li s
 Output_lp -66
 Appl comis Quit
       Subroutine hlist(Id1,Id2)
       Character*80 Chline
       Open(UNIT=66,FILE='junk',FORM='FORMATTED',STATUS='OLD')
  20   Read (66,10,end=999) Chline
  10   Format(A)
       Read (Chline,'(I12)',Err=20) I
       If (I.Ge.Id1.and.I.Le.Id2) Then
          J = lenocc(Chline)
          Print*, Chline(1:J)
       Endif
       Goto 20
  999  Close(66)
       End
 Quit
 call hlist([1],[2])
 shell rm junk      | Unix only
 return
 

 Exec hl 10 20
 

Default histogram binning in ntuple commands since version 2.07 ?

The following example illustrate this fact. In this example the version 2.06/20 booked the default histogram 54 bins whereas the version 2.07/23 book the histogram with 100 bins. This make the difference when histogram are plotted as we can see on the following plots:

Plot obtain with version 2.06

The binning is something the user should define according to his data, it is really part of the analysis process. For that the command nt/plot provides the parameter IDH (after the CHOPT parameter). With 2.07 one should do:

 PAW > 1d 3 'e' 54 0 10
 PAW > call hbarx(3)
 PAW > nt/pl 10.e wt ! ! ! E 3
 

In addition, a call hbarx is necessary because when IDH is given NT/PLOT doesn't touch the histogram (except for a RESET of the content) and in particular doesn't call HBARX on it even if, like here, the option E is selected. The E option in that case means only: 'draw the histogram with error bars'.

More informations on the new ntuple query processor are available here.

How to use HFITV in a batch program ?

       Program Hfitv_Example
 *
       Parameter (Npoints=100,Npar=3)
       Dimension X(Npoints),Y(Npoints),E(Npoints)
       Dimension Pmin(Npar),Pmax(Npar),Step(Npar),Sigpar(Npar)
       Common/PAWPAR/PAR(Npar)
       Common /PAWC/ H(100000)
       External FitFun
 *.___________________________________________
 *
       Call Igwkty(Kwtype)
       Call Hlimit(100000)
       Call Hplint(Kwtype)
 *
 * Vectors to br fitted
 *
       Do i=1,Npoints
          R    = 5.*rndm(i)
          X(i) = Float(i)
          Y(i) = X(i)*X(i)+i*R
          E(i) = R
       Enddo
 *
 * Parameters needed by Hfitv
 *
       Do i=1,Npar
          PAR(i)  = 1.
          Pmin(i) = 0.
          Pmax(i) = 0.
          Step(i) = -1.
       enddo
 *
 * Perform the fit
 *
       Call Hfitv(Npoints,Npoints,1,X,Y,E,FitFun,
      +           ' ',Npar,PAR,Step,Pmin,Pmax,Sigpar,Chi2)
 *
 * Draw the curve
 *
       Call Hplfra(0.,101.,0.,10100.,' ')
       Call Igraph(100,X,Y,'L')
 *
 * Draw the fit
 *
       Do i=1,Npoints
          Y(i) = FitFun(X(i))
       Enddo
       Call Igset('PLCI',2.)
       Call Igraph(100,X,Y,'L')
 *
       Call Igterm
       Read(*,*)
       Call Hplend
       End

       Function FitFun(X)
       Parameter (Npar=3)
       Common/PAWPAR/PAR(Npar)
       FitFun = PAR(1)*X*X + PAR(2)*X + PAR(3)
       End
 

pcitasd29> hfitv_example Workstation type (?=HELP) =1 : 2 Version 1.26/04 of HIGZ started MINUIT RELEASE 96.03 INITIALIZED. DIMENSIONS 100/ 50 EPSMAC= 0.89E-15 ********** ** 1 **SET EPS 0.1000E-06 ********** FLOATING-POINT NUMBERS ASSUMED ACCURATE TO 0.100E-06 ********** ** 2 **SET ERR 1.000 ********** ********************************************** * * * Function minimization by SUBROUTINE HFITV * * Variable-metric method * * ID = 0 CHOPT = * * * ********************************************** Convergence when estimated distance to minimum (EDM) .LT. 0.10E+01 FCN= 333041.0 FROM MIGRAD STATUS=FAILED 227 CALLS 228 TOTAL EDM= 0.52E+03 STRATEGY= 1 ERR MATRIX NOT POS-DEF EXT PARAMETER APPROXIMATE STEP FIRST NO. NAME VALUE ERROR SIZE DERIVATIVE 1 P1 0.99223 1.0002 0.0000 0.81988E+08 2 P2 0.65828 1.0002 0.0000 0.93416E+06 3 P3 0.28668 1.0002 0.0000 12019. CHISQUARE = 0.3433E+04 NPFIT = 100

A macro to place a text in relative coordinates.

Example:

    PAW > Exec reltext 25 75 'Hello'
 

    Macro Reltext 1=100 2=100 3=' '
    X1 = $GRAFINFO('WNXMIN')
    X2 = $GRAFINFO('WNXMAX')
    Y1 = $GRAFINFO('WNYMIN')
    Y2 = $GRAFINFO('WNYMAX')
    DX = [X2]-[X1]
    X  = [1]/100.
    X  = [DX]*[X]
    X  = [X]+[X1]
    DY = [Y2]-[Y1]
    Y  = [2]/100.
    Y  = [DY]*[Y]
    Y  = [Y]+[Y1]
    Itx [X] [Y] [3]
 *
    Return
 

How to group two Column Wise Ntuple (CWN) ?

       Program Group_Ntuple
 *
       Parameter (Nhmax = 100000)
       Common /Pawc/ Hmemor(Nhmax)
       Common /P/   A,B,C,D,E,F
 *
       Call Hlimit(Nhmax)
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Create and fill the Ntuple 1
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'P1','p1.hbook','N',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hbnt(1,'Test','D')
       Call Hbname(1,'P1',A,'A,B,C')
 *
       Do I=1,10
          A = Float(I)
          B = Float(10*I)
          C = Float(100*I)
          Call Hfnt(1)
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrout(0,IC,'')
       Call Hrend('P1')
       Close(10)
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Create and fill the Ntuple 2
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'P2','p2.hbook','N',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hbnt(2,'Test','D')
       Call Hbname(2,'P2',D,'D,E,F')
 *
       Do I=1,10
          D = Float(1000*I)
          E = Float(10000*I)
          F = Float(100000*I)
          Call Hfnt(2)
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrout(0,IC,'')
       Call Hrend('P2')
       Close(10)
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Reset the common block
 *
       Do I=1,10
          A = 0.
          B = 0.
          C = 0.
          D = 0.
          E = 0.
          F = 0.
       EndDo
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *      Create and fill the Ntuple 3 from
 *      ntuples 1 and 2
 *
       Call Hropen(30,'P3','p3.hbook','N',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hbnt(3,'Test','D')
       Call Hbname(3,'P3',A,'A,B,C,D,E,F')
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'P1','p1.hbook','U',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hrin   (1,9999,0)
       Call Hbname (1,' ',0,'$CLEAR')
       Call Hbname (1,'P1',A,'$SET')
       Call Hnoent (1,Noent1)
 *
       Call Hropen(20,'P2','p2.hbook','U',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hrin   (2,9999,0)
       Call Hbname (2,' ',0,'$CLEAR')
       Call Hbname (2,'P2',D,'$SET')
       Call Hnoent (2,Noent2)
 *
       Noent = Min(Noent1,Noent2)
 *
       Do I=1,Noent
         Call Hcdir('//P1',' ')
         Call Hgnt(1,I,Ierr)
         Call Hcdir('//P2',' ')
         Call Hgnt(2,I,Ierr)
         Call Hcdir('//P3',' ')
         Call Hfnt(3)
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrout(3,IC,'')
       Call Hrend('P1')
       Call Hrend('P2')
       Call Hrend('P3')
       Close(10)
       Close(20)
       Close(30)
 *
       End
 

The scanning of the ntuple 1 in PAW++ gives:

The scanning of the ntuple 2 in PAW++ gives:

The scanning of the ntuple 3 in PAW++ gives:

"Wrong number of arguments" in ntuple commands using COMIS functions (Since version 2.07)

          NTUPLE/PLOT 30.X SELECT.FOR
 

          /NTUPLE/PLOT: Wrong number of arguments for 'SELECT.FOR' (expect 1)
 

Since the version 2.07/22 of PAW, the ntuple query processor does more error checking. Here, SELECT.FOR is called without arguments but it requires one. There is two solutions:

1. Do:

            NTUPLE/PLOT 30.X SELECT.FOR(1.)
    

2. Remove the input parameter (very likely called XDUMMY) in SELECT.FOR

Since PAW version 2.08/14 the command UWFUNC generates the functions without parameters. The PAW user should decides how many he wants (max 10).

More informations on the ntuple query processor are available here.

How to transfer a HBOOK file from a machine to an other ?

It is also possible to transfer it in alphanumeric mode from a machine A to a machine B as follow:

On machine A do:

 PAW > hi/file 1 myfile.hbook
 PAW > toa myfile.alf
 

 PAW > hi/file 1 myfile.hbook ! N
 PAW > fra myfile.alf
 

How to change the line type for ellipses drawing ?

       subroutine ellips(x1,x2,y1,y2)
       dimension x(51),y(51)
       a=(x2-x1)/2.
       b=(y2-y1)/2.
       xm=(x2+x1)/2.
       ym=(y2+y1)/2.
       dt=6.28/50.
       t=0.
       do 10 i=1,51
          x(i)=a*cos(t)+xm
          y(i)=b*sin(t)+ym
          t=t+dt
  10   continue
       call ipl(51,x,y)
       end
 

 PAW > nul 0 10 0 10
 PAW > set ltyp 2
 PAW > call ellips.f(1.,8., 2.,6.)
 

A macro to plot histograms with a given number of decades

Example:

               PAW > option logy
               PAW > exec decade 10 5
 

    Macro decade 1=10 2=0
 *
    Id  = [1]
    Dec = [2]
    If $HEXIST([Id]) = 0 Then
       Hrin [Id]
       If $HEXIST([Id]) = 0 Then
          Mess Histogram [Id] not found
          Exitm
       Endif
    Endif
    Max = $HINFO([Id],'MAX')
    Min = $HINFO([Id],'MIN')
    If [Max] <= 0 Then
       Mess The maximum value of the histogram is negative
       Exitm
    Endif
    If [Min] <= 0 Then
       Min = 0.00001*[Max]
    Endif
    If [Dec] = 0 Then
       Dec = $SIGMA(LOG10([Max]/[Min]))
    Endif
    Min = $SIGMA([Max]/(10**[Dec]))
    Min [Id] [Min]
    H/pl [Id]
 *
    Return
 

Why SET XMGL, SET YMGU etc... doesn't work with several zones ?

Why DZERO is not callable in PAW ?

 macro tdz
 application comis quit
 !file dzero.f
       Subroutine TDZ
       IMPLICIT DOUBLE PRECISION (A-H,O-Z)
       integer mxf
       external DZF
       a=0
       b=3.
       r=1.e-4
       eps=1.e-7
       mxf=10000
       call dzero(a,b,x0,r,eps,mxf,dzf)
       print *,' Zero of function at X0=',x0
       end

       double precision function dzf(x,i)
       IMPLICIT DOUBLE PRECISION (A-H,O-Z)
       integer i
       a=2.
       dzf=-3.+(x-a)**2
       end
 quit
 call tdz
 return
 

       SUBROUTINE DZERO(A,B,X0,R,EPS,MXF,F)
       IMPLICIT DOUBLE PRECISION (A-H,O-Z)
 *KEEP, C205BODY.
       LOGICAL MFLAG,RFLAG
       EXTERNAL F

       PARAMETER (ONE = 1, HALF = ONE/2)

       XA=MIN(A,B)
       XB=MAX(A,B)
       FA=F(XA,1)
       FB=F(XB,2)
       IF(FA*FB .GT. 0) GO TO 5
       MC=0

     1 X0=HALF*(XA+XB)
       R=X0-XA
       EE=EPS*(ABS(X0)+1)
       IF(R .LE. EE) GO TO 4
       F1=FA
       X1=XA
       F2=FB
       X2=XB

     2 FX=F(X0,2)
       MC=MC+1
       IF(MC .GT. MXF) GO TO 6
       IF(FX*FA .GT. 0) THEN
        XA=X0
        FA=FX
       ELSE
        XB=X0
        FB=FX
       END IF

     3 U1=F1-F2
       U2=X1-X2
       U3=F2-FX
       U4=X2-X0
       IF(U2 .EQ. 0 .OR. U4 .EQ. 0) GO TO 1
       F3=FX
       X3=X0
       U1=U1/U2
       U2=U3/U4
       CA=U1-U2
       CB=(X1+X2)*U2-(X2+X0)*U1
       CC=(X1-X0)*F1-X1*(CA*X1+CB)
       IF(CA .EQ. 0) THEN
        IF(CB .EQ. 0) GO TO 1
        X0=-CC/CB
       ELSE
        U3=CB/(2*CA)
        U4=U3*U3-CC/CA
        IF(U4 .LT. 0) GO TO 1
        X0=-U3+SIGN(SQRT(U4),X0+U3)
       END IF
       IF(X0 .LT. XA .OR. X0 .GT. XB) GO TO 1

       R=MIN(ABS(X0-X3),ABS(X0-X2))
       EE=EPS*(ABS(X0)+1)
       IF(R .GT. EE) THEN
        F1=F2
        X1=X2
        F2=F3
        X2=X3
        GO TO 2
       END IF

       FX=F(X0,2)
       IF(FX .EQ. 0) GO TO 4
       IF(FX*FA .LT. 0) THEN
        XX=X0-EE
        IF(XX .LE. XA) GO TO 4
        FF=F(XX,2)
        FB=FF
        XB=XX
       ELSE
        XX=X0+EE
        IF(XX .GE. XB) GO TO 4
        FF=F(XX,2)
        FA=FF
        XA=XX
       END IF
       IF(FX*FF .GT. 0) THEN
        MC=MC+2
        IF(MC .GT. MXF) GO TO 6
        F1=F3
        X1=X3
        F2=FX
        X2=X0
        X0=XX
        FX=FF
        GO TO 3
       END IF

     4 R=EE
       FF=F(X0,3)
       RETURN
     5 Continue
 *   5 CALL KERMTR('C205.1',LGFILE,MFLAG,RFLAG)
 *      IF(MFLAG) THEN
 *       IF(LGFILE .EQ. 0) WRITE(*,100)
 *       IF(LGFILE .NE. 0) WRITE(LGFILE,100)
 *      END IF
 *      IF(.NOT.RFLAG) CALL ABEND
       R=-2*(XB-XA)
       X0=0
       RETURN
     6 Continue
 *   6 CALL KERMTR('C205.2',LGFILE,MFLAG,RFLAG)
 *      IF(MFLAG) THEN
 *       IF(LGFILE .EQ. 0) WRITE(*,101)
 *       IF(LGFILE .NE. 0) WRITE(LGFILE,101)
 *      END IF
 *      IF(.NOT.RFLAG) CALL ABEND
       R=-HALF*ABS(XB-XA)
       X0=0
       RETURN
   100 FORMAT(1X,'***** CERN C205 DZERO ... F(A) AND F(B)',
      1          ' HAVE THE SAME SIGN')
   101 FORMAT(1X,'***** CERN C205 DZERO ... TOO MANY FUNCTION CALLS')
       END
 

Why the commands FAREA, PLINE and PMARKER don't work in log scale ?

What means: " ***** ERROR in IPM : Not enough space in memory" ?

 **** ERROR in IGTABL : Not enough space in memory
 

The option ZFL1 is often used to be able to generate PostScript files with the command PI/PRINT. With such big pictures (too large to fit in memory) it is nevertheless possible to generate a PostScript file. First the option ZFL1 should be deactivated with the command OPTION NZFL, and then proceed as follow:

 PAW > For/File 66 filename.ps
 PAW > Metafile 66 -111
      .
      .
      here put your graphic commands
      .
      .
 PAW > close 66
 

How to check, with $hexist, the existence of an histogram on an HBOOK RZ file ?

 Macro ex
 exe hex 110
 mess [@]
 exe hex 111
 mess [@]
 return

 Macro HEX
 cdir = $hcdir()
 If [cdir] <> '//PAWC' Then
   Hrin [1]
   Cd //PAWC
   exist =  $hexist([1])
   If [exist] Then
      H/Del [1]
   Endif
   Cd [cdir]
   EXITM [exist]
 Else
   EXITM $hexist([1])
 Endif
 Return
 

"error in CFOPEN" (HBOOK version 4.24/03)

In HBOOK version 4.24/03

 
       error in CFOPEN : Can't open configuration file
        ***** ERROR in HROPEN : Cannot open file :
 
 

The second parameter of HROPEN and the HRENDC are the same and should be a string in UPPERCASE. In the 98a version of cernlib this will not be necessary.

The following example shows how HROPEN and HRENDC should be called:

       Program Rfio
 *
       Parameter (Memory_Size=500000)
       Common /Pawc/ H(Memory_Size)
 *.___________________________________________
 *
       Call Hlimit(Memory_Size)
 *
       Do i=1,100
          print*, 'Loop number', i
          Call Hropen(1,'EXAMPLE','example.hbook','N',1024,Istat)
          If (Istat.Ne.0) Then
             Print*, 'Error in opening file ...'
             Stop
          Endif
          Call Hrendc('EXAMPLE')
       Enddo
 *
       End
 

Since HBOOK version 4.24/07

Why do I need to specify the unit number on which I open a HBOOK file ?

How to extend a Column Wise Ntuple (CWN) ?

       Program Extend_Ntuple
 *
       Parameter (Nhmax = 100000)
       Common /Pawc/ Hmemor(Nhmax)
       Common /P/   A,B,C,D,E,F
 *
       Parameter (Nrvar=3)
       Character*10 Chvar(Nrvar)
 *
       Data Chvar/'A','B','C'/
 *
       Call Hlimit(Nhmax)
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *	Create and fill and save the Ntuple 1
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'P1','p1.hbook','N',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hbnt(1,'Test','D')
       Call Hbname(1,'P1',A,'A,B,C')
 *
       Do I=1,10
          A = Float(I)
          B = Float(10*I)
          C = Float(100*I)
          Call Hfnt(1)
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrout(0,IC,'')
       Call Hrend('P1')
       Close(10)
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *	Reset the common block
 *
       Do I=1,10
          A = 0.
          B = 0.
          C = 0.
          D = 0.
          E = 0.
          F = 0.
       EndDo
 *--------------------------------------------------
 *	Extend ntuple 1 with an extra block
 *       The extra variables are filled with
 *       functions of the exiting variables.
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'P1','p1.hbook','U',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hrin   (1,9999,0)
       Call Hbname (1,' ',0,'$CLEAR')
       Call Hbname (1,'P1',A,'$SET')
       Call Hbname (1,'P2',D,'D,E,F')
       Call Hnoent (1,Noent)
       Call Hgntv  (1,Chvar,Nrvar,Noent,Ierr)
 *
       Do I=1,Noent
         Call Hgntf(1,I,Ierr)
         D = A+1
         E = B+1
         F = C+1
         Call Hfntb(1,'P2')
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrout(1,IC,'')
       Call Hrend('P1')
       Close(10)
 *
       End
 

How to change X window resources in Paw++ ?

            Paw++*background: white
            KxPaw++*background: white
 

            xrdb -merge .Xdefaults   (or xrdb -merge .Xresources)
 

N.B. resources management is something quite complex in the X Window system. To have more information please refer to the Guide for the Usage of X Window at CERN, available at the UCO or at URL:

http://consult.cern.ch/writeups/xusage

and especially read carefully section 4.5 on Resources or User Preferences.

How to read in batch an existing Row Wise Ntuple (RWN) ?

       Program Read_RWNtuple
 *
       Parameter (Memory_Size         = 50000)
       Parameter (Number_of_Events    = 1000)
       Parameter (Number_of_Variables = 27)
 *
       Common /Pawc/ H(Memory_Size)
       Dimension   Event(Number_of_Variables)
       Character*8 Chtags(Number_of_Variables)
       Data Chtags /'A1','A2','A3','A4','A5','A6','A7','A8','A9',
      +             'B1','B2','B3','B4','B5','B6','B7','B8','B9',
      +             'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6','C7','C8','C9'/
 *.___________________________________________
 *
       Call Hlimit(Memory_Size)
 *
       Call Hropen(1,'EXAMPLE','example.hbook','N',1024,Istat)
       If (Istat.Ne.0) Then
          Print*, 'Error in opening file ...'
          Stop
       Endif
 *
       Call Hbookn(10,'Ntuple example',Number_of_Variables,
      +            '//EXAMPLE',9000,Chtags)
 *
       Do 10 i=1,Number_of_Events
          Do 20 j=1,Number_of_Variables
             Event(j) = Float(i)*Float(j)
  20      Continue
          Call Hfn(10,Event)
  10   Continue
 *
       Call Hrout(0,Icycle,' ')
       Call Hrend('EXAMPLE')
       Close(1)
 *
 *       Read back the ntuple 10
 *
       Call Hropen(1,'EXAMPLE','example.hbook','U',1024,Istat)
       Call Hrin   (10,9999,0)
 *
       IDN=0
       Do i=1,10
          Call Hgn(10,IDN,i,Event,Ierr)
          Print*, Event(1),Event(2),Event(3)
       Enddo
 *
       Call Hrend('EXAMPLE')
       Close(1)
 *
       End
 

 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <cfortran.h>
 #include <packlib.h>

 #define Memory_Size 50000
 #define Number_of_Variables 27
 #define Number_of_Events 10

 typedef struct { float PAW[Memory_Size]; } PAWC_DEF;
 #define PAWC COMMON_BLOCK(PAWC,pawc)
 COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(PAWC_DEF,PAWC);
 PAWC_DEF PAWC;

 main()
 {
    int istat  = 0;
    int icycle = 0;
    int i,j,Ierr;
    int IDN = 0;
    int record_size = 1024;

    float Event[Number_of_Variables];
    char Chtags[Number_of_Variables][3] =
                   {"A1","A2","A3","A4","A5","A6","A7","A8","A9",
                    "B1","B2","B3","B4","B5","B6","B7","B8","B9",
                    "C1","C2","C3","C4","C5","C6","C7","C8","C9"};

    HLIMIT(Memory_Size);

    HROPEN(1,"EXAMPLE","example.hbook","N",record_size,istat);
    if (istat != 0) {
       printf("Error in opening file ...\n");
       exit;
    }

    HBOOKN(10,"Ntuple example",Number_of_Variables,"//EXAMPLE",9000,Chtags);

    for (i=1; i<=Number_of_Events; i++) {
       for (j=0; j<Number_of_Variables; j++) {
          Event[j] = (float)i*(float)(j+1);
       }
       HFN(10,Event);
    }

    HROUT(0,icycle," ");
    HREND("EXAMPLE");
    KUCLOS(1," ",1);
 /*
  *       Read back the ntuple 10
  */
    HROPEN(1,"EXAMPLE","example.hbook","U",record_size,istat);
    HRIN(10,9999,0);

    for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {
       HGN(10,IDN,i,Event,Ierr);
       printf("%f %f %f \n", Event[0],Event[1],Event[2]);
    }

    HREND("EXAMPLE");
    KUCLOS(1," ",1);
 }
 

What means "***** ERROR in HBNAME : Too many variables in format (>50)" ?

     ***** ERROR in HBNAME : Too many variables in format (>50) : ID=       1
 

       Program CWNLONG
 *
       Common /Pawc/ H(100000)
       Parameter (Nmax = 300)
       Common /CWN/ A00,A01,A02,A03,A04,A05,A06,A07,A08,A09,
      +             A10,A11,A12,A13,A14,A15,A16,A17,A18,A19,
      +             A20,A21,A22,A23,A24,A25,A26,A27,A28,A29,
      +             A30,A31,A32,A33,A34,A35,A36,A37,A38,A39,
      +             A40,A41,A42,A43,A44,A45,A46,A47,A48,A49,
      +             A50,A51,A52,A53,A54,A55,A56,A57,A58,A59,
      +             A60,A61,A62,A63,A64,A65,A66,A67,A68,A69,
      +             A70,A71,A72,A73,A74,A75,A76,A77,A78,A79,
      +             A80,A81,A82,A83,A84,A85,A86,A87,A88,A89,
      +             A90,A91,A92,A93,A94,A95,A96,A97,A98,A99
 *.___________________________________________
 *
       Call Hlimit(100000)
 *
       Call Hropen(1,'CWN','cwn.hbook','N',1024,Istat)
       If (Istat.Ne.0) Then
          Print*, 'Error in opening file ...'
          Stop
       Endif
 *
       Call Hbnt(1,'CWN',' ')
       Call Hbname(1,'BLOCK1',A00,
      +            'A00,A01,A02,A03,A04,A05,A06,A07,A08,A09,'//
      +            'A10,A11,A12,A13,A14,A15,A16,A17,A18,A19,'//
      +            'A20,A21,A22,A23,A24,A25,A26,A27,A28,A29,'//
      +            'A30,A31,A32,A33,A34,A35,A36,A37,A38,A39,'//
      +            'A40,A41,A42,A43,A44,A45,A46,A47,A48,A49,'//
      +            'A50,A51,A52,A53,A54,A55,A56,A57,A58,A59,'//
      +            'A60,A61,A62,A63,A64,A65,A66,A67,A68,A69,'//
      +            'A70,A71,A72,A73,A74,A75,A76,A77,A78,A79,'//
      +            'A80,A81,A82,A83,A84,A85,A86,A87,A88,A89,'//
      +            'A90,A91,A92,A93,A94,A95,A96,A97,A98,A99'
      +)
 *
       Call Hrout(0,Icycle,' ')
       Call Hrend('CWN')
       Close(1)
 *
       End
 

       Program CWNLONG
 *
       Common /Pawc/ H(100000)
       Parameter (Nmax = 300)
       Common /CWN/ A00,A01,A02,A03,A04,A05,A06,A07,A08,A09,
      +             A10,A11,A12,A13,A14,A15,A16,A17,A18,A19,
      +             A20,A21,A22,A23,A24,A25,A26,A27,A28,A29,
      +             A30,A31,A32,A33,A34,A35,A36,A37,A38,A39,
      +             A40,A41,A42,A43,A44,A45,A46,A47,A48,A49,
      +             A50,A51,A52,A53,A54,A55,A56,A57,A58,A59,
      +             A60,A61,A62,A63,A64,A65,A66,A67,A68,A69,
      +             A70,A71,A72,A73,A74,A75,A76,A77,A78,A79,
      +             A80,A81,A82,A83,A84,A85,A86,A87,A88,A89,
      +             A90,A91,A92,A93,A94,A95,A96,A97,A98,A99
 *.___________________________________________
 *
       Call Hlimit(100000)
 *
       Call Hropen(1,'CWN','cwn.hbook','N',1024,Istat)
       If (Istat.Ne.0) Then
          Print*, 'Error in opening file ...'
          Stop
       Endif
 *
       Call Hbnt(1,'CWN',' ')
       Call Hbname(1,'BLOCK1',A00,
      +            'A00,A01,A02,A03,A04,A05,A06,A07,A08,A09,'//
      +            'A10,A11,A12,A13,A14,A15,A16,A17,A18,A19,'//
      +            'A20,A21,A22,A23,A24,A25,A26,A27,A28,A29,'//
      +            'A30,A31,A32,A33,A34,A35,A36,A37,A38,A39,'//
      +            'A40,A41,A42,A43,A44,A45,A46,A47,A48,A49'
      +)
       Call Hbname(1,'BLOCK1',A50,
      +            'A50,A51,A52,A53,A54,A55,A56,A57,A58,A59,'//
      +            'A60,A61,A62,A63,A64,A65,A66,A67,A68,A69,'//
      +            'A70,A71,A72,A73,A74,A75,A76,A77,A78,A79,'//
      +            'A80,A81,A82,A83,A84,A85,A86,A87,A88,A89,'//
      +            'A90,A91,A92,A93,A94,A95,A96,A97,A98,A99'
      +)
 *
       Call Hrout(0,Icycle,' ')
       Call Hrend('CWN')
       Close(1)
 *
       End
 

How can I change the colours used by the FUN/DRAW command?

    PAW > COLOR 2 0.4 0.6 0.1
    PAW > COLOR 3 0.4 0.6 0.5
    PAW > FUN/DRAW x*x*y*z
 

How to keep PAW from converting macro variables into integers ?

If I pass an argument "40.0" to a macro on the PAW command line, and somewhere send this argument to a COMIS function expecting a real variable, I get garbage, whereas if I write "40.01" instead, then everything works.

By default PAW converts the numbers into integers if possible. You should use $RSIGMA. Example:

 appl comis quit
       subroutine test(r)
       print*, r
       end
 quit
 r = 40.01
 call test([r])
 r = 40.0
 call test([r])
 r = $RSIGMA(40.0)
 call test([r])
 

 PAW > exec test
   40.01000
   .5605194E-43
   40.00000
 PAW >
 

Why UNITS does not show all the files opened via HISTO/FILE ?

Since version 2.09/18 of PAW the UNITS command is again able to display the list of HBOOK files.

How to change the EPS parameter in routine HFITH ?

    call hsetpr('FEPS',eps)
    call hfith(id,...
 

In Paw++ what is causing the messages "unknown keysym osfDown..." ?

On a Sun running openwin with shared libraries, you may need to put the path for the library containing XKeysymDB *first* in the path list in LD_LIBRARY_PATH, or it may find the wrong XKeysymDB in the wrong directory.

N.B. XKeysymDB simply contains the registered keysym values for the OSF keysyms. The OSF values are server-independent. And, all registered keysyms will be included in an XKeysymDB file to be shipped with X11R5. In the meantime (till all systems are X11R5+), a list of the registered keysyms can be found in the X11R4 release in mit/doc/Registry/Xregistry.

How to use HQUADF.DAT (output of the SMOOTH command) in PAW ?

The code is a DOUBLE PRECISION fortran function which can be use later in PAW. The only limitation is that the code should be compiled because the COMIS interpreter doesn't handle properly the DOUBLE PRECISION functions.

The following example shows to proceed. It plots the function, result of the smoothing, using the HQUADF.DAT file. Note the extensions ".f77" to use compiled code.

 v/create x(10) r 1 2 4 5 6 3 2 1 3 5
 v/dr x 11
 zone 1 2
 smooth 11 F 3
 shell mv hquadf.dat hquadf.f

 appl comis quit
 !file hquadf.f77
 quit

 appl data dy.f
       real function dy(x)
       DOUBLE PRECISION V,HQUADF
       v = dble(x)
       dy = float(HQUADF(v))
       end
 dy.f

 fun/plot dy.f77 1 11
 

Note that HQUADF.DAT may contains long DATA statements which sometimes can not be handle properly by the compiler. In that case you should edit them by hand in order to reduce the number of continuation lines.

Complex vectors in SIGMA.

 SIGMA !PRINT
 SIGMA a=array(2,-3#-2)
 SIGMA B=A**0.5
 SIGMA C=A**0.5
 SIGMA AC=A*C
 SIGMA !NOPRINT
 

ERROR in HFNT bad float in column...

  ***** ERROR in HFNT bad float in column:        11 line:         1 :
  Negative infinity : ID=       1
 

HBOOK provides routines to check if a float or a double precision number is valid:

     ifps(x)     for single precision numbers
     ifpd(x)     for double precision numbers
 

The character strings concatenation operator (//) in COMIS programs.

       subroutine a
       call b('abcdef'//'ghijkl')
       end

       subroutine b(c)
       character*(*) c
       print*, c
       end
 

 PAW > call a.f
  CS-TR-ERR: routine A, line    2
  CALL B('abcdef' ^ //'ghijkl')
   syntax error
 

       subroutine a
       character*80 s
       s='abcdef'//'ghijkl'
       call b(s)
       end

       subroutine b(c)
       character*(*) c
       print*, c
       end
 

How to get the sum of the positive elements of a Column Wise Ntuple (CWN) array variable ?

I want to get the sum of the positive elements of an array (busig). I do

  nt/plot 202.vadd(busig) busig>0
 

  nt/plot 202.busig busig>0
 

In fact the mechanism is slightly more involved then you maybe thought. The basic structure is the tree that is defined by the expression. E.g.

   A + 3 * B
 

          +
         / \
        A   *
   	/ \
          3   B
 

   ( A + ( 3 * B ) )
 

   f( X, Y )-> Z
 

   sin( * ) -> *
 

   "+"( *, * ) -> *
 

The top level has a rule like n/plot ( sel, exp1, exp2, ... )

   n/plot( *, *, *, ... ) -> *
 

  n/pl 10.x y>0.and.vand(z>10)
 

   vadd( * ) -> 0
 

Now for the question:

  n/plo 202.vadd(busig) busig>0
 

   n/pl 202.vadd(busig*(busig>0))
 

How to display an histogram with a zoom of the same histogram on top ?

 PAW > opt *
 PAW > fun1 1 cos(x)*sqrt(x) 100 0 12
 PAW > exe zoom 1 30 70
 

 Macro zoom
  id = [1]
  i1 = [2]
  i2 = [3]
  zone
  colo 9 1 1 1
  h/pl [id]
  set xmgr 2.5
  set ymgu 2.5
  zone 2 2 2 s
  set bcol 1109
  h/pl [id]([i1]:[i2])
  zone
  set bcol
  set xmgr
  set ymgu
 return
 

How do I change the size of the text which is printed in a 2D histogram...

Before PAW version 2.10 This is not possible. The size is computed automatically according to the bin size.

Since PAW version 2.10 This size in controlled by SET 2SIZ.

Why Only the last dimension of a multi-dimensional Column Wise Ntuple (CWN) array may be variable ?

The way it is implemented is simple: all (multi-dimensional) arrays can be handled as a single large one-dimensional array. In that way no extra information is needed to have direct access to a variable length array.

"Cannot open file so_locations to update"

I am running PAW on an alpha machine (DEC-UNIX 4.0) and compiling using the compiler (not COMIS) by using the statement:

 nt/loop ntuplenumber filename.f77
 

 Cannot open file so_locations to update
 

With some PAW version, the file so_locations is created in the /tmp directory and remains throughout the PAW session of the first user. When the second PAW session try to create its own so_locations file there is a conflict. This problem can be avoid by redefining the temporary directory where this file is created. Just put the following lines in your pawlogon.kumac file.

  appl comis quit
  !setopt '/myhomedirectory/tmp' path
  quit
 

Running MINUIT in batch, sometimes stops with a "STATUS=CALL LIMIT"

                CALL MNCOMD(fcn,'minimize 2000',IERR,futil)
 

How to stop the fast scrolling of H/LIST ?

 Macro hlist
 Output_lp 66 Histogram_Listing
 H/Li s
 Output_lp -66
 shell more Histogram_Listing
 shell rm Histogram_Listing
 return
 

NT/SCAN and unsigned integers (Since version 2.07)

          PAW > nt/scan 10 nevent=5 varlis=flag
          +-------+-------------+
          | Event |   flag      |
          +-------+-------------+
          |     1 | z'f'        |
          |     2 | z'f'        |
          |     3 | z'f'        |
          |     4 | z'f'        |
          |     5 | z'f'        |
          +-------+-------------+
          ==> 5 events satisfied the imposed cuts
 

          PAW > nt/scan 10 nevent=5 varlis=int(flag) flag
          +-------+--------------+-------------+
          | Event |   int(flag)  |   flag      |
          +-------+--------------+-------------+
          |     1 |  15          | z'f'        |
          |     2 |  15          | z'f'        |
          |     3 |  15          | z'f'        |
          |     4 |  15          | z'f'        |
          |     5 |  15          | z'f'        |
          +-------+--------------+-------------+
          ==> 5 events satisfied the imposed cuts
 

Is there a way to teach the Kuip browser to use icons for particular files ?

The icons which are used for particular files in Kuip/Motif ( *.kumac, *.ps, r, r/w, ...) and Paw++ ( *.hbook) corresponds to ``class definitions'' made in the CDF (Command Definition File) for specific objects handled by the application. E.g.:

 >Class MacFile 'Kuip Macro' big_fm sm_fm
 

 >Class hbook 'Hbook File' big_hbook sm_hbook
 

You must also define in the CDF the corresponding "browsables", i.e. the container for these objects (e.g. in Paw++ the browsable HBOOK is a container for HBOOK files which are identified as " *.hbook"). In your case you must define a new container for all the HBOOK files belonging to different projects.

Normally this is done when building the application but it is possible with COMIS to define new classes and new browsables and make them known by the application without recompiling and linking. The following is an example where I define a new class "hbnew" (HBOOK files identified as " *.hbnew"), and a new browsable "Hbnew" for these files.

File "hbnew.cdf" (with the new definitions)

 >Name hbnew

 >Browse Hbnew . hbnew_list_%C hbnew_dir_%C
  List

 >Class hbnew 'Hbnew File' big_hbnew sm_hbnew
 !Open                           .  'Histo/File 0 [that] 0 -X'
 !'Open Update Mode'             .  'Histo/File 0 [that] 0 -XU'

 >Icon_bitmaps

 #define big_hbnew_width 28
 #define big_hbnew_height 38
 static char big_hbnew_bits[] = {
    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0xfe, 0x87, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0xfc, 0x03, 0x0f,
    0x07, 0xf8, 0x01, 0x0e, 0x03, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08,
    0xf1, 0x03, 0xfc, 0x08, 0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08, 0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08,
    0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08, 0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08, 0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08,
    0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08, 0xe3, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0c, 0xe7, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e,
    0xe7, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e, 0xe7, 0x03, 0x7c, 0x0e, 0xe7, 0xff, 0x7f, 0x0e,
    0xe7, 0xff, 0x7f, 0x0e, 0xe7, 0xff, 0x7f, 0x0e, 0xe7, 0x03, 0x7c, 0x0e,
    0xe7, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e, 0xe7, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e, 0xe7, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e,
    0xe7, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0e, 0xe3, 0x01, 0x78, 0x0c, 0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08,
    0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08, 0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08, 0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08,
    0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08, 0xe1, 0x01, 0x78, 0x08, 0xf1, 0x03, 0xfc, 0x08,
    0x03, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x07, 0xf8, 0x01, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0xfc, 0x03, 0x0f,
    0x1f, 0xfe, 0x87, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x0f};


 #define sm_hbnew_width 18
 #define sm_hbnew_height 22
 static char sm_hbnew_bits[] = {
    0xff, 0xff, 0x03, 0xe7, 0x9f, 0x03, 0xc3, 0x0f, 0x03, 0x01, 0x03, 0x02,
    0x7d, 0xf8, 0x02, 0x39, 0x70, 0x02, 0x39, 0x70, 0x02, 0x39, 0x70, 0x02,
    0x7b, 0x78, 0x03, 0xfb, 0x7f, 0x03, 0xfb, 0x7f, 0x03, 0x7b, 0x78, 0x03,
    0x3b, 0x70, 0x03, 0x3b, 0x70, 0x03, 0x39, 0x70, 0x02, 0x39, 0x70, 0x02,
    0x39, 0x70, 0x02, 0x7d, 0xf8, 0x02, 0x01, 0x03, 0x02, 0xc3, 0x0f, 0x03,
    0xe7, 0x9f, 0x03, 0xff, 0xff, 0x03};
 

 > kuipc hbnew.cdf hbnew.c
 

Utilities routines hbnew_list_ and hbnew_dir_

In our example the first routine "hbnew_list_" must return one by one the " *.hbnew" files.

* file " hbnew_list.c" which contains routine " hbnew_list_":

 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>


 #define MAX_PATH   256
 #define MAX_STRING         80

 extern char    **km_scan_dir();

 /***********************************************************************
  *                                                                     *
  *   Return one by one the *.hbnew files. This routine is called by    *
  *   the Kuip Browser.                                                 *
  *                                                                     *
  ***********************************************************************/
 char **hbnew_list_(brobj_name, brcls_name, bpath, n)
              char *brobj_name, *brcls_name, *bpath;
              int n;
 {
    static int init = 0;
    char **scan;

    if (!init) {
       km_file_type(".hbnew", "hbnew", "(Hbook New File)", 0);
       init = 1;
    }

    scan = km_scan_dir(bpath, "*.hbnew", n, 1);

    return scan;
 }
 

The second routine " hbnew_dir_" returns the CWD for the " *.hbnew" files.

* file " hbnew_dir.c" which contains routine " hbnew_dir_":

 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>


 #define MAX_PATH   256
 #define MAX_STRING         80

 extern char    **km_scan_dir();

 /***********************************************************************
  *                                                                     *
  *   Return the CWD for the *.hbnew files. This routine is called by   *
  *   the Kuip Browser.                                                 *
  *                                                                     *
  ***********************************************************************/
 char **hbnew_dir_(class_name, first)
      char *class_name;
      int first;
 {
    static char *path_desc[2];
    static char  root[MAX_PATH+6];
    char         path[MAX_PATH+1];

    path_desc[0] = NULL;
    path_desc[1] = NULL;

 #ifdef NeXT
    if (first && getwd(path)) {
 #else
    if (first && getcwd(path, MAX_PATH)) {
 #endif
       sprintf(root, "root=%s", path);
       path_desc[0] = "Hbnew";
       path_desc[1] = root;
    }
    return path_desc;
 }
 

KUIP Macro hbnew.kumac (invoke COMIS and load files)

 Macro hbnew
 App COMIS quit
 !file hbnew_list.c
 !file hbnew_dir.c
 quit
 CALL hbnew.c
 

Conclusion:

How to retrieve the ntuple type (RWN or CWN) in a HBOOK program ?

             .
             .
             .
         logical hntnew
             .
             .
             .
         id = 10
         if (hntnew(id)) then
            print*, id,' is a CWN'
         else
            print*, id,' is a RWN'
         endif
             .
             .
             .
 

How to manage two windows in a HIGZ program ?

       Program Two_Windows
       Common /Pawc/ H(20000)
       Dimension Rval(2)
 *
       Call Mzebra (-3)
       Call Mzpaw  (20000,' ')
       Call Iginit (0)
       Call Iopks  (6)
 *
       Iwk1   = 1
       Iwkty1 = 1
       Call Iopwk  (Iwk1,1,Iwkty1)
       Call Igqwk  (Iwk1,'MXDS',Rval)
       Xwkwn1 = Min(1.,Rval(1)/Rval(2))
       Ywkwn1 = Min(1.,Rval(2)/Rval(1))
       Call Iswkwn (Iwk1,0.,Xwkwn1,0.,Ywkwn1)
       Call Iswkvp (Iwk1,0.,Rval(1),0.,Rval(2))
       Call Iuwk   (Iwk1,0)
 *
       Iwk2   = 2
       Iwkty2 = 2
       Call Iopwk  (Iwk2,1,Iwkty2)
       Call Igqwk  (Iwk2,'MXDS',Rval)
       Xwkwn2 = Min(1.,Rval(1)/Rval(2))
       Ywkwn2 = Min(1.,Rval(2)/Rval(1))
       Call Iswkwn (Iwk2,0.,Xwkwn2,0.,Ywkwn2)
       Call Iswkvp (Iwk2,0.,Rval(1),0.,Rval(2))
       Call Iuwk   (Iwk2,0)
 *
       Call Isclip (0)
 *
       Call Iacwk  (1)
       Call Iswn   (2,0.,10.,0.,10.)
       Call Isvp   (2,0.1*Xwkwn1,0.4*Xwkwn1,0.1*Ywkwn1,0.4*Ywkwn1)
       Call Iselnt (2)
       Call Igbox  (0.,10.,0.,10.)
       Call Igterm
       Print*,'Type  ...'
       Read (*,*)
 *
       Call Idawk  (1)
       Call Iacwk  (2)
       Call Isvp   (2,0.1*Xwkwn2,0.4*Xwkwn2,0.1*Ywkwn2,0.4*Ywkwn2)
       Call Iselnt (2)
       Call Igbox  (0.,10.,0.,10.)
 *
       Call Igterm
       Read (*,*)
 *
       Call Igend
 *
       End
 

Unaligned access using PAW on a DEC Alpha running UNIX.

 Unaligned access pid=27853  va=409dea6c pc=25003604 ra=201515c8 type=ldt
 

The program still works, it just prints out an error message that the memory reference was slow (thereby slowing itself down vastly more!)

The messages can be suppressed with the shell command:

 uac p noprint
 

What is maximum number of variables in a Column Wise Ntuple (CWN) ?

Why LRECL=0 doesn't work in HIST/FILE ?

The CHAIN command open the chained files with the automatic record length detection (LRECL=0) therefore it is not possible to chain files having a record length greater than 8192 unless the chain is built with //lunxx. Example:

  h/file 20 file_1 16384
  h/file 21 file_2 16384
  h/file 22 file_3 16394

  chain chain_1 //lun20 //lun21 //lun22
  cd //chain_1
 

How to read in batch an existing Column Wise Ntuple (CWN) ?

       Program Read_CWNtuple
 *
       Parameter (Nhmax = 100000)
       Common /Pawc/ Hmemor(Nhmax)
       Common /P/    N,K(4,10)
 *
       Call Hlimit(Nhmax)
 *
 *       Create and fill the Ntuple 100
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'p','p.hbook','N',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hbnt(100,'Test','D')
       Call Hbname(100,'P',n,'N[0,10],K(4,N)')
 *
       Do N=1,10
          Do I=1,4
             Do J=1,n
                K(I,J)=I+N*10
             EndDo
          EndDo
          Call Hfnt(100)
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrout(0,IC,' ')
       Call Hrend('p')
       Close(10)
       Do I=1,10
          Do J=1,4
             K(J,I)=0
          EndDo
       EndDo
 *
 *       Read back the ntuple 100
 *
       Call Hropen(10,'p','p.hbook','U',1024,Ista)
       If (Ista.Ne.0) Stop
       Call Hrin   (100,9999,0)
       Call Hbname (100,' ',0,'$CLEAR')
       Call Hbname (100,'p',n,'$SET')
       Call Hnoent (100,Noent)
 *
       Do I=1,Noent
         Call Hgnt(100,I,Ierr)
         Print*,'N = ',N
         Do J=1,4
            Do L=1,n
               Print*,'K(',J,',',L,') = ',K(J,L)
            EndDo
         EndDo
       EndDo
 *
       Call Hrend('p')
       Close(10)
 *
       End
 

Is there a way to open HBOOK files directly from tape ?

How to draw the tick marks on the opposite side of the axis ?

 PAW > SET XTIC -0.3
 PAW > SET YTIC -0.3
 

H/DEL prints an error when the histogram doesn't exist. How to avoid it ?

       PAW > H/DEL 12345
        ***** ERROR in HDELET : Unknown histogram : ID=   12345
       PAW >
 

       Macro HDEL
       If $HEXIST([1]) Then
          H/DEL [1]
       Endif
       Return
 

       PAW > Exec HDEL 12345
       PAW >
 

How to draw a vector element into a comment ?

 nul 0 10 0 10
 set chhe 1.5
 v/create x(1) r 100.
 a = x(1)
 itx 1 5 x(1) = [a]
 

What means: "RZIODO. Error at record ..." ?

 RZIODO. Error at record = xxxx  LUN = x  IOSTAT = xxx
 

• RZIODO is an internal ZEBRA/RZ routine.
• IOSTAT is produced by the Fortran run-time on the system on which you are running.
• The record number refer to the record number currently read/written.
• LUN is the fortran logical unit number (like in the call to RZOPEN/RZMAKE/RZFILE).

Errors from RZIODO are passed back to calling routines and the higher level package should then handle them appropriately.

Possible causes include:

1. No disk space or quota.
2. No valid AFS token.
3. File size is limited (in particular for batch jobs).
4. Hardware problem (!).

Conversion from NDC coordinates to centimeters

 Macro Ndc2Cm
 *
 NT   = $GRAFINFO('NT')
 XNdc = [1]
 YNdc = [2]
 Sel 1
 XWnMax = $GRAFINFO('WNXMAX')
 YWnMax = $GRAFINFO('WNYMAX')
 XVpMin = $GRAFINFO('VPXMIN')
 XVpMax = $GRAFINFO('VPXMAX')
 YVpMin = $GRAFINFO('VPYMIN')
 YVpMax = $GRAFINFO('VPYMAX')
 Sel [NT]
 Global/Create X
 Global/Create Y
 X = [XWnMax]*(([XNdc]-[XVpMin])/([XVpMax]-[XVpMin]))
 Y = [YWnMax]*(([YNdc]-[YVpMin])/([YVpMax]-[YVpMin]))
 *
 Return
 

          PAW > Nul
          PAW > Exe ndc2cm .5 .5
          PAW > Message [X] [Y]
 

How to access X resources for Paw++ under VAX/VMS ?

Any change you make to the DECW$XDEFAULTS.DAT file does not take effect until you restart your DECwindows session.

Most applications have a system application resource file in the directory pointed to by the logical name DECW$SYSTEM_DEFAULTS (e.g. DECW$BOOKREADER.DAT, for the DEC supplied information system bookreader, or DECW$CLOCK.DAT, for xclock, ...).

You can also create a user application-specific resource file in the directory pointed to by the logical name DECW$USER_DEFAULTS:

e.g., for Paw++ on VMS, you can create a file DECW$PAWPP.DAT in your login directory and specify your user preferences for Paw++ in that file.

For more details can be found in the Guide for the Usage of X Window at CERN .

How to convert HBOOK3 files into HBOOK4 files ?

run the following program with either HBOOK3 or HBOOK4.

 *--         open old hbook3 hstore file
       open(unit=lun,....
 *--         Import all histograms from file to memory
       call hfetch(0,lun)
 *--         open a text file (recfm=f lrecl=80
       open(unit=lun2,form='formatted',status='new')
 *--         write histograms from memory to this file
       call hwrite(o,lun2,0,0,-1)
 *
 

      PAW > hread 0  filename
      PAW > Histo/file  1  newhbookfile 1024 N
      PAW > Hrout 0
 

How to access the QUEST common block in a C program ?

 #include        "cfortran.h"

 typedef struct {
         int     iquest[100];
 } quest_def;

 #define QUEST COMMON_BLOCK(QUEST,quest)

 COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(quest_def,QUEST);

 

           .
           .
           .
 QUEST.iquest[9] = 0;
           .
           .
           .

 if (QUEST.iquest[0] != 1 ) {
           .
           .
           .
 

"Index out of range" in ntuple commands (Since version 2.07)

With PAW 2.07 I got the following error on a very basic instruction:

    nt/plot 10.icel(1)
    /NTUPLE/PLOT: Evt 3: Index out of range, end(1) > max(0)
 

    nt/plot 10.icel
 

Since PAW version 2.07, the ntuple query processor does more checking. This is the case with this question. Here a variable length array is used and, for some events, its dimension is zero. For these events ICEL(1) is not defined. So just do:

    nt/plot 10.icel(1) n>0
 

More informations on the ntuple query processor are available here.

I try to open an Ntuple on an NFS mounted Unix disk from VMS PAW, but I get an error from PAWROP...

 $ set file/att=(rfm:fix,lrl:4096) [NFS_disk]:[directory][ntuple name]
 

 PAW> his/fil 1 [NFS_disk]:[directory][ntuple name]
 

List of the logical unit numbers reserved by PAW and associated packages.

Also, these reserved "logical unit number" should not be used in COMIS programs in the OPEN, READ and WRITE FORTRAN statements.

Is it possible to change from "insert" to "overwrite" input mode when typing at PAW prompt?

 PAW > RECALL_STYLE KSHO
 

Now, if you want to change this setting only for the current line (but not change the default setting) typing switch from one mode to another at any time.

How to access HBOOK files via RFIO and CASTOR ?

RFIO:

 PAW > his/file 1 shift9:/usera/cp/julian/charm.hbook
 

CASTOR (since 2001 CERNLIB release and at CERN only):

 PAW > hi/file 1 /castor/cern.ch/user/u/user/pawt/pawhists.hbook
 

Negative weights in HBOOK histograms.

How to retrieve the list of the currently attached HBOOK files ?

       subroutine listfiles
       PARAMETER (NLPATM=100, MXFILES=50)
       COMMON /HCDIRN/NLCDIR,NLNDIR,NLPAT,ICDIR,NCHTOP,ICHTOP(MXFILES)
      +              ,ICHTYP(MXFILES),ICHLUN(MXFILES)
       CHARACTER*16   CHNDIR,    CHCDIR,    CHPAT    ,CHTOP
       COMMON /HCDIRC/CHCDIR(NLPATM),CHNDIR(NLPATM),CHPAT(NLPATM)
      +              ,CHTOP(NLPATM)
       CHARACTER*80 HFNAME
       COMMON /HCFILE/HFNAME(MXFILES)
 *
       Do I=1,NCHTOP
          J = Lenocc(HFNAME(I))
          Print*,ICHTOP(I),' ',HFNAME(I)(1:J)
       Enddo
 *
       End
 

Resources for PAW++ on a monochrome display ?

 Paw++*dirlist*1d*iconForeground: black
 Paw++*dirlist*1d*iconBackground: white
 Paw++*dirlist*1d*iconLabelForeground: white
 Paw++*dirlist*1d*iconLabelBackground: black
 Paw++*dirlist*2d*iconForeground: black
 Paw++*dirlist*2d*iconBackground: white
 Paw++*dirlist*2d*iconLabelForeground: white
 Paw++*dirlist*2d*iconLabelBackground: black
 Paw++*dirlist*ntuple*iconForeground: black
 Paw++*dirlist*ntuple*iconBackground: white
 Paw++*dirlist*ntuple*iconLabelForeground: white
 Paw++*dirlist*ntuple*iconLabelBackground: black
 

The FUTIL parameter in MINUIT functions.

       SUBROUTINE MAIFCN (NPAR,G,F,U,IFLAG,FUTIL)
       EXTERNAL MAIANI
       ...
       CALL FUTIL(A,B,C)
       ...
       END
 

       EXTERNAL (MAIFCN,MAIANI)
       CALL MINUIT (MAIFCN,MAIANI)
 

       SUBROUTINE MAIANI(A,B,C)
 

       CALL FUTIL(A,B,C)
 

Why MINUIT finds only 10 points on a contour when 100 are requested ?

How to get the PROB value in a variable after a DIFF command ?

 Macro GetProb
 output_lp 66 junk
 diff [1] [2]
 output_lp -1
 close 66
 appl comis quit
       subroutine readprob
       Character*80 Chline
       vector vprob(1)
       Open(UNIT=67,FILE='junk',FORM='FORMATTED',STATUS='OLD')
       Read (67,10) Chline
       Read (67,10) Chline
       Read (67,10) Chline
  10   Format(A)
       Read (Chline(11:),'(f11.5)') vprob(1)
       Close(67)
       End
 quit
 call readprob
 prob = vprob(1)
 Message [prob]
 return
 

 PAW > exec getprob id1 id2
 

What is the longest line COMIS can read in a file ?

Which resources are decisive for my application ?

In most cases all X clients (applications) are using the same and current setting of the X server (the machine which does the display). In any case the command 'xrdb' can be used to get the current settings (type 'xrdb -q'), or to set new values. Note that having this information in the server (where it is available to all clients) instead of on disk, solves the problem in previous versions of X that required you to maintain defaults files on every machine that you might use. It also allows for dynamic changing of defaults without editing files.

How to include a HIGZ graphic window in a X11/Motif application ?

 #include <X11/Xlib.h>
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <unistd.h>

 #include "cfortran.h"
 #include "zebra.h"
 #include "higz.h"

 #define PAWC_SIZE 50000


 typedef struct { float PAW[PAWC_SIZE]; } PAWC_DEF;
 #define PAWC COMMON_BLOCK(PAWC,pawc)
 COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(PAWC_DEF,PAWC);
 PAWC_DEF PAWC;

 #define NIL (0)

 main()
 {
       int itype,istat;
       Window w;
       Display *dpy = XOpenDisplay(NIL);
       assert(dpy);
       w = XCreateWindow(dpy, DefaultRootWindow(dpy), 0, 0,
                         500, 500, 0,
                         CopyFromParent, CopyFromParent, CopyFromParent,
                         NIL, 0);
       XMapWindow(dpy, w);
       XFlush(dpy);
       ixsdswi( dpy , w );
 /*
  * Initialisation
  */
       MZEBRA(-3);
       MZPAW(PAWC_SIZE," ");
       IGINIT(0);
       IGWKTY(itype);
       IGSSE(6, itype);

       IGRNG(20.,20.);

       IGBOX(1.,19.,1.,19.);

       IGTERM();

       sleep(10);
 }
 

 gcc  -c $1.c -g -rdynamic -Df2cFortran
 g77  -o ex01 ex01.c                                \
       /cern/pro/lib/libgrafX11.a                   \
       /cern/pro/lib/libpacklib.a                   \
       -L/usr/X11R6/lib                             \
       -lXt -lXext -lXp -lX11 -lcrypt -ldl  -lnsl -lm
 

How to recover a corrupted Ntuple ?

 Bad Ntuple header (try RECOVER)
 

          CALL HRECOV(ID,' ')
 

Hexadecimal constants in COMIS.

         integer cem_ele
         data cem_ele /'3FF'X/
 

How to use HFITH from a C program ?

 #include <cfortran.h>
 #include <hbook.h>
 #include <math.h>

 #if defined(__hpux) || defined(_IBMR2)
 # define extname
 #endif

 #ifdef extname
 #define UFIT ufit_
 #else
 #define UFIT ufit
 #endif

 #define PAWC_SIZE 50000

 typedef struct { float PAW[PAWC_SIZE]; } PAWC_DEF;
 #define PAWC COMMON_BLOCK(PAWC,pawc)
 COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(PAWC_DEF,PAWC);
 PAWC_DEF PAWC;

 typedef struct { double dpar[24];
                  double fitfun; } HCFITD_DEF;
 #define HCFITD COMMON_BLOCK(HCFITD,hcfitd)
 COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(HCFITD_DEF,HCFITD);
 HCFITD_DEF HCFITD;

 int h_shape=1000;

 extern float ufit(float *xi)
 {
         float a,b,c,d;
         float y, x;

         x = *xi;
         a=HCFITD.dpar[0];
         b=HCFITD.dpar[1];
         c=HCFITD.dpar[2];
         d=HCFITD.dpar[3];
         HCFITD.fitfun = b*exp(-b*(d-x))*pow(b*sqrt((x-d)*(x-d)),(a-1.))/c;
         y = HCFITD.fitfun;
         return (y);
 }

 void fill(int histo)
 {
 	HFILL(histo,1.,0.,0.0156);
 	HFILL(histo,2.,0.,0.0579);
 	HFILL(histo,3.,0.,0.1189);
 	HFILL(histo,4.,0.,0.1528);
 	HFILL(histo,5.,0.,0.1576);
 	HFILL(histo,6.,0.,0.1382);
 	HFILL(histo,7.,0.,0.0973);
 	HFILL(histo,8.,0.,0.0705);
 	HFILL(histo,9.,0.,0.0541);
 	HFILL(histo,10.,0.,0.0381);
 	HFILL(histo,11.,0.,0.0282);
 	HFILL(histo,12.,0.,0.0211);
 	HFILL(histo,13.,0.,0.0151);
 	HFILL(histo,14.,0.,0.0112);
 	HFILL(histo,15.,0.,0.0092);
 	HFILL(histo,16.,0.,0.0058);
 	HFILL(histo,17.,0.,0.0044);
 	HFILL(histo,18.,0.,0.0032);
 }

 void fit(int histo)
 {
        float par[4],step[4], pmin[4], pmax[4], sig[4], chi2;

        par[0]  = 3.9;
        par[1]  = 0.6;
        par[2]  = 5.3;
        par[3]  = 0.6;
 	pmin[0] = 0.;
 	pmin[1] = 0.;
 	pmin[2] = 0.;
 	pmin[3] = 0.;
 	pmax[0] = 0.;
 	pmax[1] = 0.;
 	pmax[2] = 0.;
 	pmax[3] = 0.;
 	step[0] = -1.;
 	step[1] = -1.;
 	step[2] = -1.;
 	step[3] = -1.;
        HFITH(histo,ufit," ",4 ,par,step,pmin,pmax,sig,chi2);
 }

 main()
 {	
 	int h_shape=1000;
 	char title[80]="test";
 	int step=18;
 	float min=1.;
 	float max=19.;
 	char file[80]="fit.dat";

        HLIMIT(PAWC_SIZE);
 	HBOOK1(h_shape,title,step,min,max,0.);
 	fill(h_shape);
 	fit(h_shape);
 	HRPUT(0,file,"N");
 }
 

 gcc -g -c -Df2cFortran -I/cern/pro/include/cfortran fit.c
 g77 -o fit.exe fit.o `cernlib packlib,mathlib` -lm
 

Corrupted ASCII files after a transfer from Windows.

 sed -e "s/.$//" $1 > $1.tmp
 mv -f $1.tmp $1
 

 $ chmod +x cleanctrl
 

 $ cleanctrl tobecleaned.kumac
 

How to read histograms in a batch program ?

       Program makehists
 *
       Common /Pawc/ H(100000)
 *
       Call Hlimit(10000)
 *
       Call Hbook1(1,'test1',100,-3.,3.,0.)
 *
       Call Hcopy(1,2,'test2')
       Call Hcopy(1,3,'test3')
       call hropen(2,'H','hists.hbook','N',1024,istat)
 *
       Do i=1,10000
          call rannor(a,b)
          call hf1(1,a,1.)
          call hf1(2,b,1.)
          call hf1(3,a**2+b**2,1.)
       Enddo
 *
       Call Hrout(0,Icycle,' ')
       call Hrend('H')
 *
       End
 

       Program readhists
 *
       Common /Pawc/ H(100000)
       Character*32 name
 *
       Call Hlimit(10000)
 *
       Call hropen(2,'H','hists.hbook',' ',1024,istat)
       Call Hrin(0,9999,0)
       Call Hldir(' ',' ')
 *
       Call Hgive(1,name,nx,xmi,xma,ny,ymi,yma,nwt,loc)
       Do i=1,nx
          print*, Hi(1,i)
       Enddo
       Call Hrend('H')
 *
      End
 

CHAIN names length

List of the SIGMA functions.

How to retrieve the Overflows and Underflows of a 2D histogram ?

        REAL FUNCTION  twoflow(ID,IWHAT)
 *
 * Author: David E. Jaffe - Physics Dept
 *         BNL, Bldg 510E - Upton,NY 11973-5000 USA
 *
 * Returns over-, under-flows from 2d hist
 .
 * id = 2dhistogram identifier
 *
 * iwhat = 1-8 corresponds to 'statistics box' entries:
 *       8   1   2
 *       7       3
 *       6   5   4
 *
 * Error outputs:
 * if ID is not 2d histogram or does not exist, twoflow = 0.
 * if IWHAT<1 .or. IWHAT>8, twoflow = 0.
 *
       Integer iwhat,id
 * local
       integer nx,ny,loc,nwt,kind
       real xmi,xma,ymi,yma
       character title*80

       integer i,j,i1,i2,j1,j2
       real c

 * external
       real hij
       logical hexist
 * -----------------------------------------------------------------
       c = 0.
 *                             input hist must exist and be a 2-d hist
       CALL HKIND(id,kind,'')
       if (kind.eq.2) then
 *                             get number of x,y bins for 2-d hist
          CALL HGIVE(id,title,nx,xmi,xma,ny,ymi,yma,nwt,loc)
 *                             set abscissa and ordinate range corresponding
 *                            to IWHAT
          if (iwhat.eq.1) then
             i1 = 1
             i2 = nx
             j1 = ny+1
             j2 = ny+1
          elseif (iwhat.eq.2) then
             i1 = nx+1
             i2 = nx+1
             j1 = ny+1
             j2 = ny+1
          elseif (iwhat.eq.3) then
             i1 = nx+1
             i2 = nx+1
             j1 = 1
             j2 = ny
          elseif (iwhat.eq.4) then
             i1 = nx+1
             i2 = nx+1
             j1 = 0
             j2 = 0
          elseif (iwhat.eq.5) then
             i1 = 1
             i2 = nx
             j1 = 0
             j2 = 0
          elseif (iwhat.eq.6) then
             i1 = 0
             i2 = 0
             j1 = 0
             j2 = 0
          elseif (iwhat.eq.7) then
             i1 = 0
             i2 = 0
             j1 = 1
             j2 = ny
          elseif (iwhat.eq.8) then
             i1 = 0
             i2 = 0
             j1 = ny+1
             j2 = ny+1
          else
 *                       Invalid IWHAT, set limits to avoid loop
             i1 = 1
             i2 = 0
             j1 = 1
             j2 = 0
          endif
 *                       Sum contents in appropriate bins
          do i = i1,i2
             do j = j1,j2
                c = c + HIJ(id,i,j)
             enddo
          enddo
       endif
       twoflow = c
       end
 

The COMIS compiler (source format).

The main differences between the COMIS syntax and standard FORTRAN 77 are:

• COMIS does not accept:
  • Character functions.
  • Statement functions.
  • INTRINSIC statements.
  • ENTRY statements.
  • BLOCK DATA statements.

• COMIS does not allow a character type variable to be equivalenced with another character variable.

• A type declaration statement, which define the data type of common block name's, must precede the COMMON statement.

• The logical operators .EQV. and .NEQV. are not included in COMIS.

• COMIS does not allow a character expression and an alternate return specifiers as actual arguments.

The source format

• Statements may start at any position.

• More than one statement may be given per source line. In this case they should be separated by blank(s), or optionally by ';'.

• A statement may occupy more than one source line without any special marks.

• Source lines may be up to 80 characters long. Thus, source line numbering in columns 73-80 is not available.

• A symbolic name is a string of letters, digits and underscore (_). The symbolic name may have any length, but significant characters are the first eight only.

Note

• Blanks are meaningful in COMIS.

• Comment lines are marked by '*' or 'C' in column one. An exclamation mark (!) starts an inline comment, except when it appears as the first non-blank character on a line.

• Some extentions may cause a conflict with the conventions of FORTRAN 77.